晚清時期，翻譯傳記風行一時，尤其是歐美英雄傳記，引發了廣泛的迴響，但是迄今未能受到學界充分關注。就今日的眼光來看，這些文本承載新內容，塑造新典範，傳播新思想，蘊含新情感，在文學史、史學史、思想史上均佔據舉足輕重的地位，不可等閒視之。本文就以晚清翻譯傳記爲研究對象，在梳理歷史脈絡與文本源流的基礎上，考察晚清譯者如何塑造新的英雄譜系，如何奠定新的英雄典範。與此同時，本文將探討晚清譯者如何創造性地轉化中國傳統與域外資源，如何重組不同的本土思想傳統，與域外資源對接，如何在傳統與反傳統之間徘徊。本文以翻譯傳記的影響力、原創性爲標準，選取最受矚目的歐美英雄哥倫布、加里波第、俾斯麥、納爾遜之傳記譯介展開論述，至於文本的來源，主要是《新民叢報》與廣智書局發行的梁啟超及其同人的作品、林萬里的翻譯傳記與《圖畫日報》的改編版本。 / 本文主體包括五章。第一章從宏觀的角度考察晚清翻譯傳記的源流，通過大規模的原始資料發掘與源文本考據，從翻譯傳記出版形態、英雄譜系兩個角度加以梳理，證明晚清知識分子融合本土趣味與明治日本的影響，建構出晚清的近世歐美英雄譜。第二章至五章爲個案研究，代表了梁啟超塑造、影響英雄傳記譯介的四種模式，也反映了晚清譯者調動不同本土傳統，與域外思想對話的四種路向。第二章首先選取晚清哥倫布評傳展開分析，展示傳教士的知識論述與梁啟超的公德論述對於翻譯傳記的影響。相對而言，後者佔據更重要的位置，梁啟超轉化明治日本思想，創造「進取冒險」等觀念，林萬里與《圖畫日報》藉以塑造哥倫布形象。與此同時，他們也依據各自的立場，援引儒家倫理等思想資源，建構出公私兼顧的英雄典範。第三章關注的英雄是加里波第，展現俠論述在晚清的流變。本章的探討從康有爲、梁啟超戊戌年間的尚俠論述開始，延伸到梁啟超的加里波第傳記，以及受其影響的廣智書局同人、林萬里、《圖畫日報》等譯本，也涉及其夫人馬尼他之傳記。本章會著重關注譯者如何塑造大俠的事功、人格與感情，顯示俠論述、儒家論述與國族論述的衝突與合流。第四章的主角是俾斯麥，他重權術、不擇手段追求事功的行爲方式，與儒家傳統格格不入。本章考察晚清評傳譯者如何調動國族論述與諸子學等新舊思想觀念，爲俾斯麥辯護，將其塑造爲英雄，從而衝擊了儒家傳統。第五章研究的是納爾遜評傳。梁啟超在政論文中取法明治日本，借用「名譽心」、「進取冒險」等概念定義納爾遜形象。後來的林萬里等譯者延續梁啟超的思路又與之對話，引入儒家學說，重塑「名譽」、「勇」等觀念，調整事功與道德的關係。不僅如此，他們還帶入通俗文學與「情」論述，渲染納爾遜的兒女情，從而融合了傳記書寫與抒情傳統。 / Late Qing Period witnessed an unprecedented boom of translated biographies, especially those focusing on Western heroes, but till now most texts have not received sustained critical attention from scholars in Chinese studies. From today’s point of view, those translated biographies not only portray new heroes, but also disseminate new ideas and new structure of feeling, which necessitate a thorough and in-depth research. My dissertation, based on a full-scale survey of the above-mentioned translated biographies, attempts to explore how late Qing intellectuals appropriated and recast foreign texts, images of Western heroes and alien ideas, and how they transformed traditional Chinese hero models by integrating a wide range of indigenous and foreign resources. I would like to focus on four groups of key texts by considering their impact, originality, and the influence of their originals: the biographies of Columbus, Garibaldi, Bismarck and Nelson translated or adapted by Liang Qichao, his anonymous colleagues, Lin Wanli and the journalist of an illustrated daily newspaper published in Shanghai. / My dissertation consists of five chapters. Chapter One examines the genealogy of Western heroes constructed by late Qing intellectuals. I will demonstrate that although Meiji Japanese biographies had a dominant influence, late Qing translators showed a strong autonomy when selecting texts for translation to meet their political and cultural concerns. From Chapter Two to Chapter Five, I will center on the biographies of four heroes, also representing four roles Liang Qichao played in shaping late Qing translated biographies, and four approaches of late Qing translators’ integration of indigenous and foreign thoughts. My cases studies begin with the translated biographies of Columbus, and my discussion will focus on the influence of the missionaries’ discourse of knowledge and Liang Qichao’s discourse of public morality (gongde) on the translated biographies. Special attention will be given to Liang Qichao’s construction of adventurous spirit (jinqu maoxian) on the basis of Meiji Japanese discourse. By appropriating Liang’s concept as well as Confucianism ideas, late Qing translators portrayed Columbus as an embodiment of public morality. Chapter Three pays attention to the translated biographies of Garibaldi. My analysis covers a wide range of texts from Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao’s early discourse on Chinese knight-errant (xia), Liang’s translated biographies of Garibaldi, to various derivative texts. This chapter will examine how late Qing translators revitalize and transform the Chinese minor tradition of knight-errant worship by assimilating Confucian discourse and nationalism discourse. Chapter Fours will give closer scrutiny to the translated biographies of Bismarck, a problematic figure whose use of diplomatic sleight of hand and political trickery contradicts Confucius’ moral doctrine. However, fascinated by his great achievement of German unification, late Qing translators all attempt to defend Bismarck by appropriating concepts of Pre-Qin Philosophers (zhuzi xue) and nationalism. Chapter Five discusses the biographies of Nelson. Liang Qichao’s essays marked the beginning of interpreting the military figure as an embodiment of honor and adventurous spirit. Lin Wanli and other translators, under Liang’s influence, strove to redefine the concept of honor and bravery by drawing elements from Confucianism. They also put a lot of emphasis on Nelson’s love affairs and in so doing, introduced elements of popular fiction and drama into biographical writings. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 崔文東. / Parallel title from added title page. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 234-249). / Abstracts also in English. / Cui Wendong.

Doctor of Education / Department of Educational Leadership / Donna Augustine-Shaw / Much of the research on gays and lesbians in education has focused on their experiences as a marginalized group. There has been much progress in the understanding of gays and lesbians as a whole and the research shows that indeed this group has shown great contributions to the field. However, a close examination of the history of gays and lesbians also presents considerable evidence that the civil rights of gays and lesbians can indeed influence their professional lives regardless of occupation. This qualitative multiple case study examined the life experiences of the gay or lesbian educator in light of civil rights legislation that continues to influence our lives. Tenured educators were interviewed regarding their lived experiences early in life, during their education and growth in the profession, and currently as educators. The research used reputational snow ball sampling to discover these educators. The concepts behind Queer Theory and Queer Legal Theory were used in examining data in the context of civil rights involving gay and lesbian teachers. This study adds to the body of literature regarding sensitivity and tolerance for gays and lesbians as well as materials designed to enlighten teacher training in sensitivity, and awareness of gay, and lesbian teachers and administrators.

Thesis--University of Hawaii. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [341]-346).

This thesis examines the articulations of gender, class, and race in a specific sample of films from the 1930's to the 1990's. The tendency in these films is to depict women as passive, rather than heroic. Because this has been the common practice, I chose to outline it through fourteen films that exemplified an inherent bias when dealing with women as subject matter. Brief summaries of several recently produced progressive films are provided to show that it is possible to improve the image of women in film, hence we may finally witness justice on the big screen. / In this discursive analysis, I trace specific themes from the feminist and film literature to provide a critical overview of the chosen films, with a view to establishing educational possibilities for the complex issues dealt with in this study.

Lamentations on the absence of tragic texts in the twentieth century center on the untenability of Aristotelian parameters of tragedy within a modern context. These parameters include the immediacy of the dramatic experience as a vehicle for identification with the audience and a hero fully capable of realizing the tragic truth of his existence. Curiously restrained by formal requirements postulated in antiquity, the majority of critics have neglected that modern tragedy may have shed structures no longer culturally relevant while maintaining the essence of the tragic vision. The novel has been largely ignored despite its being perfectly suited for a contemporary communication of the tragic vision. The skepticism shattering the belief that our respective destinies can be fully embodied by another is no obstacle for tragedy in the novel. Through a narrating choric figure acting as mediating consciousness, the novel provides a direct link between reader, hero, and the tragic experience. The very act of narration also sheds light on the creation of the tragic text, extending this link to the tragedian himself. The result is a three-pronged identification, (with the hero, choric figure, tragedian), through which the reader is confronted with the multifarious truths laid bare in the text. These revelations, along with a deliberate absence of closure, compel the reader into the same unending quest to complete the tragic cycle--an experience akin to the catharsis of old.

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This thesis makes a comparative study of cultural differences and similarities between Chinese and Western outlaw heroes. It examines this cultural phenomenon from eight angles: the outlaw hero as constructed by history, literature and folklore; outlaws constructed as archetypal heroes; social and cultural contexts; outlaw heroes and revolution; a comparative case study of outlaws in Northeast China and Australia; underground cultural products (the "lore" and 'law"); ballads and proverbs reflecting values of outlaw heroism; and the fate of outlaws and the outlaw hero.Historical and folkloric explanatory frameworks are applied to outlaw hero traditions. Archetypal outlaw heroes and their successors, praised or criticised, are all constructed through a long process which combines reality recreated and fiction made real. Characteristics of archetypal outlaw heroes are inherited by later outlaws in China and the West. Though there are common codes and values of outlaw heroes in China and the West, different attributes are manifested in their attitudes towards brotherhood, organisation and women, and also in bandit sources and bandit categories.Western outlaw heroes are seldom involved in revolution, but their Chinese counterparts are connected with the Taiping revolutionary movement, the republican revolution and the Communist revolution. Some Communists are no more than outlaw heroes in the eyes of the poor and bandits in the eyes of the Kuomintang However, the alliance between outlaw heroes and revolutionaries is a fragile one.Northeast China and Australia have some parallels in their outlaw hero traditions. Convicts and immigrants play an important part in frontier banditry. The environment of both provides fertile soil for banditry and immigration. Among modem outlaws in Northeast China are chivalrous bandits and bandits who heroically fight against foreign Invaders. ++ / Bandit culture is valuable heritage in China. Bandits' ceremonies, argot, internal regulations, worship and superstition, and routine and recreational activities are all important facets of Chinese outlaw culture.Outlaw heroes never bend their bodies under pressure; they rebel rather than wait for death; and they never rob the locals. This is all reflected in bandit ballads, proverbs and other lore discussed in the thesis. Death is what most outlaws have to face, and how to fade it is a significant element in the construction of the outlaw hero. The arguments of this thesis are based on folkloric, historic and literary sources, many of which are here translated into English for the first time.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics, Discipline of Politics, 2005. / Bibliography: leaves [260]-279.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics, Discipline of Politics, 2005. / Bibliography: leaves [260]-279. Also available in a print format.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2007. Graduate Programme in Higher Education. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 528-550). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR32045