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No description available.

No description available.

Cells infected with herpes simplex virus show a rapid cessation of protein synthesis and a dramatic decline in the levels of mRNA; a process known as host shutoff. This effect is attributed to a viral tegument protein called the virion host shutoff protein, or vhs. The mechanism by which vhs induces mRNA degradation is not yet understood. It is not known whether vhs possesses RNase activities or if it acts in combination with other cellular factors. To gain a better understanding of the function of vhs, I examined RNA degradation in detail by analyzing the RNA decay products generated in the presence of vhs. 𝘐𝘯 𝘷𝘪𝘷𝘰 experiments, performed by infecting murine erythroid leukemia cells with HSV, revealed that beta-globin mRNA is rapidly degraded, in the presence of vhs, without being converted to detectable decay intermediates. The half-life of this mRNA was 15 and 60 minutes for HSV-2 and HSV-1, respectively. Using vhs translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system, I found that vhs induced rapid decay at the 5' end of a capped RNA molecule. The decay event was endonucleolytic and occurred at preferred sites downstream of the cap, generating capped oligonucleotides. Unlike influenza RNA polymerase, the cleavage event did not occur at a fixed distance from the cap since capped oligos of differing size were generated from different RNA substrates. My data indicate that vhs induced cleavage exhibits a strong, but not absolute preference for RNAs possessing an m⁷G cap, which may account for vhs' specificity for m RNAs 𝘪𝘯 𝘷𝘪𝘷𝘰. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

A HSV 2 immediate early antigen was prepared and used as an immunogen in an attempt to produce monoclonal antibodies to this set to proteins. The results of three screening assays, ELISA, immunodiffusion and radioimmunoprecipitation with cell extracts and Protein A-Sepharose beads indicated that the hybrid cell lines are nonsecretors of antiHSV 2 antibodies. Other monoclonal cell lines from Dr. Bacchetti's laboratory were characterized by radioimmunoprecipitation with Protein A-Sepharose beads and cell extracts. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

The role of highly conserved amino acids within the carboxy-terminal hydrophobic domain of herpes simplex virus I (HSV-I) glycoprotein gB was studied by introducing point mutations using the method of site directed mutagenesis. A segment of this hydrophobic domain of glycoprotein gB contains a nuclear envelope (NE) targeting signal and the effect of these point mutations on targeting to the nuclear envelope was determined. A complementation assay was employed to determine the effect these mutations have on HSV-I infectivity .The point mutations created within the transmembrane domain of glycoprotein gB had no effect on nuclear envelope targeting and localization. However, single point mutations introduced into the first and second hydrophobic domains of glycoprotein gB, G₇₄₃R and F₇₇₀S, affected the targeting and localization of full-length glycoprotein gB at the nuclear envelope. When the transmembrane domain ofHSV-I glycoprotein gB containing the following point mutations A₇₉₀Q, A₇₉₁S, A₇₈₆S, A₇₈₆Y and A₇₉₀S, was introduced into a chimeric protein consisting of the cytoplasmic domain and ectodomain of a plasma membrane protein, vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G, NE targeting and localization were affected. These point mutations may affect the targeting of glycoprotein gB by altering the structure of the targeting signal within the protein. It can be hypothesized that the presence of the cytoplasmic domain. ectodomain domain, and the first and second transmembrane domains within full-length glycoprotein gB can compensate for the effect these point mutations have on nuclear envelope targeting. since the same point mutations had no effect on the targeting · and localization of full-length glycoprotein gB. Complementation assays showed that the glycoprotein gB mutants, A₇₈₆S, A₇₈₆Y, A₇₈₆N, A₇₉₀Q, A₇₉₁S, F₇₇₀S, or G₇₄₃R, were unable to complement a gB-null virus even though these mutant proteins are localized at the nuclear envelope. These proteins may not have been incorporated into the viral capsid due to misfolding or due to the fact that sequences required for interaction with other viral proteins were lost. Another possibility is that the mutant proteins were incorporated into the HSV virion but were not biologically active. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

The glycoprotein gB of HSV-1 is involved in viral entry and membrane fusion functions. It is glycosylated, forms homodimers, and is transported to both the inner nuclear membrane and plasma membrane in infected cells. The gB glycoprotein contains a potential membrane anchoring hydrophobic sequence of 69 amino acids, located near the carboxy terminus of the glycoprotein. This sequence is predicted to span the membrane bilayer three times, and can thus be divided into three distinct segments, each of which could span the bilayer. To define both the membrane anchoring sequence and the role of this 69 residue hydrophobic domain, a series of deletion mutants were constructed. These mutants have one, two or all three of the predicted membrane spanning segments deleted, in every combination possible, thereby creating a total of 7 deletion mutants. These mutant constructs were expressed in COS-1 cells using transient expression systems. All the mutant constructs were expressed and glycosylated in a manner similar to the wild type gB glycoprotein. Mutant glycoproteins lacking the third (or most carboxy terminal) predicted spanning segment of this 69 residue hydrophobic domain were found to be secreted from the cells, indicating that this segment may specify the membrane anchoring domain of the gB glycoprotein. Further, the mutant glycoproteins containing this third segment were localized in the nuclear envelope, while mutants lacking this segment were not. All the deletion mutants, except for one, were however defective in intracellular transport and processing of the N-linked oligosaccharides. The only mutant that showed any intracellular transport and processing had only the third segment deleted, but even this mutant was transported and processed much slower than the wild type glycoprotein. The mutant glycoproteins also failed to complement a gB-null virus. These results suggest that the carboxy terminus hydrophobic domain contains essential structural determinants of the gB glycoprotein. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

Herpes simplex Virus Type 1 expresses three different classes of genes, immediate early, early, and late, during a lytic infection. Immediate early genes are the first class of genes expressed and they are the only genes expressed independently of de novo viral protein synthesis. This unique characteristic is thought to be the result of the activation of immediate early genes by Vmw65, a protein brought into the cell as a component of the infecting virion. Vmw65 transactivates through the target sequence TAATGARAT (R= purine) which is present at least once in all immediate early transcription regulatory regions. By inserting minimal synthetic promoters, containing the TAATGARAT sequence, into the thymidine kinase locus of the herpes simplex virus type 1 genome I determined that transactivation by Vmw65 is not sufficient to confer on the linked sequences the complete immediate early pattern of gene expression. Furthermore through a transient expression assay I determined that the TAATGARAT sequence element, by itself, when linked to a TATA box is sufficient to act as a target for Vmw65 transactivation. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

Infection of a host cell by the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 leads to the efficient reprogramming of the cells' synthetic machinery to replicate the viral genome ultimately producing progeny virions. Two proteins introduced upon viral fusion are thought to initiate this effect. The potent transactivator of immediate early genes (VP16) and the mRNA destabilizing virion host shutoff protein (vhs), work in concert with one another to invoke the cascade of viral gene expression, and to destroy pre-existing cellular mRNA. Due to the non-specific nature of vhs induced mRNA degradation, its activity is downregulated at later times during infection to spare virally encoded mRNA. Recent evidence has shown that VP16 is responsible for this vhs downregulation, a process thought to occur by mutual interactions between the two proteins and a potential compartmentalization of vhs within the nucleus (Lam 𝘦𝘵 𝘢𝘭., 1996; Smibert 𝘦𝘵 𝘢𝘭., 1994). Furthermore, such an event is also thought to position vhs so it can be efficiently packaged, a supposition supported by the observation that vhs lacking the ability to bind VP16 is not incorporated into new virions (Read 𝘦𝘵 𝘢𝘭. , 1993). To ascertain if VP16 was indeed capable of relocalizing vhs to the nucleus of a cell in the absence of any other viral factors, we created multiple constructs consisting of various portions of vhs fused in frame to the fluorescent marker protein EGFP. In addition, various truncated forms of VP16 were also fused to EGFP for the purpose of delineating the region of VP16 that is responsible for VP16 and possibly vhs nuclear localization. Co-transfection experiments utilizing EGFP-vhs fusions demonstrated that vhs relocalizes to perinuclear regions in the presence of VP16, an effect absolutely dependent upon its ability to interact with VP16. In addition, deletion mapping of VP16 implicated the region spanning amino acids 335 to 355 as being necessary for this localization, with a stretch of 15 amino acids (330 to 344) appearing to constitute a putative bipartite nuclear localization signal. Interestingly, our observation that the vhs/VP16 complex localizes to a region of the cell thought to ultimately encompass the tegument of new virions gives credence to the notion that this interaction and subsequent localization may indeed function to package vhs into new virions. Furthermore, it is also suggested that vhs may in fact be downregulated at intermediate times during infection through VP16 mediated compartmentalization within the nucleus. For these reasons we propose that the disruption of the vhs/VP16 interaction could severely abrogate the infectivity of HSV and as such could present a novel target for antiviral intervention. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

In CBA/NJ mice, splenic natural killer (NK) cell activity varies with stages of estrous. Susceptibility of ICR mice to intravaginal inoculation of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) decreases with age. Susceptibility of female ICR and CBA/NJ mice to HSV-2 inoculated intravaginally and intraperitoneally was examined during the estrous cycle. In cycling ICR mice, greatest susceptibility to intravaginal inoculation was observed during diestrous and the least during metestrous. CBA/NJ mice were most susceptible to intravaginal inoculation of HSV-2 during diestrous. ICR mice were ovariectomized to mimic diestrous and found to be highly susceptible to intravaginal inoculation at all virus doses. No difference in susceptibility among phases of the estrous cycle was seen following intraperitoneal inoculation.