Submitted by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2016-12-01T18:14:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) philipe_luan_brito.pdf: 1575319 bytes, checksum: fbec2867a577d1c18c943afc8609f8e3 (MD5) / Submitted by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2016-12-01T18:31:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) philipe_luan_brito.pdf: 1575319 bytes, checksum: fbec2867a577d1c18c943afc8609f8e3 (MD5) / Submitted by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2016-12-01T18:34:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) philipe_luan_brito.pdf: 1575319 bytes, checksum: fbec2867a577d1c18c943afc8609f8e3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2016-12-01T18:34:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) philipe_luan_brito.pdf: 1575319 bytes, checksum: fbec2867a577d1c18c943afc8609f8e3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T18:34:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) philipe_luan_brito.pdf: 1575319 bytes, checksum: fbec2867a577d1c18c943afc8609f8e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Nas ?ltimas d?cadas tem se intensificado o estudo de estrat?gias que proporcionem melhores rendimentos em etanol a partir do uso de biomassas lignocelul?sicas. Neste trabalho foi utilizado o res?duo agroindustrial do processo de beneficiamento do ?leo do dend? (Elaeis guineensis) para obten??o de um hidrolisado ?cido hemicelul?sico para posterior fermenta??o. O hidrolisado foi obtido atrav?s da utiliza??o de ?cido sulf?rico dilu?do o qual se mostrou eficiente na solubiliza??o da hemicelulose. Tr?s m?todos de destoxifica??o dos inibidores foram testados dentre os quais se destacaram os tratamentos por carv?o ativado e a combina??o do tratamento empregando overliming e carv?o ativado, com remo??o de compostos fen?licos, furfural e 5-hidroximetilfurfural acima de 90% do hidrolisado. As linhagens de Scheffersomyces stipitis NRRLY 1214 e NRRLY 7124 apresentaram os maiores valores de etanol, com valores correspondentes de 6,2 e 6,13 g L-1, no meio destoxificado por overliming com suplementa??o. Estas linhagens, neste mesmo meio, alcan?aram as maiores taxas de Yp/s (0,32 e 0,33) e Ef (64,46 e 64,89%). Os dados obtidos corroboram que as linhagens estudadas apresentam potencial para a fermenta??o da fra??o hemicelul?sica da torta de dend?. O uso de meio de hidrolisado ?cido da torta de dend?, sem suplementa??o, se mostra invi?vel nas condi??es testadas, pois reflete em valores insignificantes de etanol. Os dados obtidos contribuir?o de forma positiva no aproveitamento de res?duos agroindustriais, bem como para os avan?os na ?rea de obten??o de etanol de segunda gera??o. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Biocombust?veis, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / In recent decades, the study of strategies that provide better yields in ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass has intensified. In this study we used the agroindustrial residue from the palm oil milling process (Elaeis guineensis) to obtain an acid-hydrolyzed hemicellulose for fermentation. The hydrolyzate was obtained using dilute sulfuric acid, which was efficient at dissolving the hemicellulose. Three methods of detoxification of inhibitors were tested, including the use of activated carbon treatment and a combination treatment employing overliming and activated carbon. Greater than 90% of the phenolic substances, furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural were removed from the hydrolysis product. The NRRLY 1214 and NRRLY7124 strains of Scheffersomyces stipitis produced the highest yields of ethanol, 6.2 and 6.13 g L-1, in the medium detoxified by the overliming procedure. These strains achieved the highest rates of Yp / s (0.32 and 0.33) and Ef (64.46 and 64.89%) in the same medium. The data confirm that these strains have a potential for fermentation of the hemicellulose fraction of palm kernel cake. The use of the acid hydrolyzate of palm kernel cake without supplementation was shown to be unfeasible under the conditions tested, as reflected in the insignificant yields of ethanol. The data obtained will contribute positively to the use of agro-industrial waste, as well as to advances in the area of the production of second-generation ethanol.

Data de aprova??o ausente. / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-02-02T17:06:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) philipe_luan_brito.pdf: 1575319 bytes, checksum: fbec2867a577d1c18c943afc8609f8e3 (MD5) / Rejected by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br), reason: Faltou fomento on 2017-02-02T18:12:58Z (GMT) / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-02-02T18:30:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) philipe_luan_brito.pdf: 1575319 bytes, checksum: fbec2867a577d1c18c943afc8609f8e3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-03-06T15:07:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) philipe_luan_brito.pdf: 1575319 bytes, checksum: fbec2867a577d1c18c943afc8609f8e3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-06T15:07:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) philipe_luan_brito.pdf: 1575319 bytes, checksum: fbec2867a577d1c18c943afc8609f8e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Nas ?ltimas d?cadas tem se intensificado o estudo de estrat?gias que proporcionem melhores rendimentos em etanol a partir do uso de biomassas lignocelul?sicas. Neste trabalho foi utilizado o res?duo agroindustrial do processo de beneficiamento do ?leo do dend? (Elaeis guineensis) para obten??o de um hidrolisado ?cido hemicelul?sico para posterior fermenta??o. O hidrolisado foi obtido atrav?s da utiliza??o de ?cido sulf?rico dilu?do o qual se mostrou eficiente na solubiliza??o da hemicelulose. Tr?s m?todos de destoxifica??o dos inibidores foram testados dentre os quais se destacaram os tratamentos por carv?o ativado e a combina??o do tratamento empregando overliming e carv?o ativado, com remo??o de compostos fen?licos, furfural e 5-hidroximetilfurfural acima de 90% do hidrolisado. As linhagens de Scheffersomyces stipitis NRRLY 1214 e NRRLY 7124 apresentaram os maiores valores de etanol, com valores correspondentes de 6,2 e 6,13 g L-1, no meio destoxificado por overliming com suplementa??o. Estas linhagens, neste mesmo meio, alcan?aram as maiores taxas de Yp/s (0,32 e 0,33) e Ef (64,46 e 64,89%). Os dados obtidos corroboram que as linhagens estudadas apresentam potencial para a fermenta??o da fra??o hemicelul?sica da torta de dend?. O uso de meio de hidrolisado ?cido da torta de dend?, sem suplementa??o, se mostra invi?vel nas condi??es testadas, pois reflete em valores insignificantes de etanol. Os dados obtidos contribuir?o de forma positiva no aproveitamento de res?duos agroindustriais, bem como para os avan?os na ?rea de obten??o de etanol de segunda gera??o. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Biocombust?veis, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, [2016]. / In recent decades, the study of strategies that provide better yields in ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass has intensified. In this study we used the agroindustrial residue from the palm oil milling process (Elaeis guineensis) to obtain an acid-hydrolyzed hemicellulose for fermentation. The hydrolyzate was obtained using dilute sulfuric acid, which was efficient at dissolving the hemicellulose. Three methods of detoxification of inhibitors were tested, including the use of activated carbon treatment and a combination treatment employing overliming and activated carbon. Greater than 90% of the phenolic substances, furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural were removed from the hydrolysis product. The NRRLY 1214 and NRRLY7124 strains of Scheffersomyces stipitis produced the highest yields of ethanol, 6.2 and 6.13 g L-1, in the medium detoxified by the overliming procedure. These strains achieved the highest rates of Yp / s (0.32 and 0.33) and Ef (64.46 and 64.89%) in the same medium. The data confirm that these strains have a potential for fermentation of the hemicellulose fraction of palm kernel cake. The use of the acid hydrolyzate of palm kernel cake without supplementation was shown to be unfeasible under the conditions tested, as reflected in the insignificant yields of ethanol. The data obtained will contribute positively to the use of agro-industrial waste, as well as to advances in the area of the production of second-generation ethanol.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2015-11-27T15:18:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BrismarkGoesDaRocha_TESE.pdf: 14655007 bytes, checksum: f132218e797f47b22250ea1afea1399e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elisangela Moura (lilaalves@gmail.com) on 2015-11-30T21:25:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 BrismarkGoesDaRocha_TESE.pdf: 14655007 bytes, checksum: f132218e797f47b22250ea1afea1399e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-30T21:25:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BrismarkGoesDaRocha_TESE.pdf: 14655007 bytes, checksum: f132218e797f47b22250ea1afea1399e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-30 / O presente trabalho tem como objetivos extrair a fibra da folha do abacaxizeiro tipo P?rola para obter bast?es (?whiskers) de celulose destas fibras tratadas quimicamente, para utiliza??o como refor?o na fabrica??o de filmes de Biocomp?sito com Poli ?lcool Vin?lico (PVA) e Poli (?cido l?tico) (PLA) como matrizes. As amostras foram caracterizadas utilizando an?lises como TGA, FTIR e DSC. Tamb?m foram realizados ensaios das folhas para a identifica??o de macro e micro nutrientes. As amostras dos filmes de biocomp?sitos foram usadas para ensaios mec?nicos de tra??o nos filmes e o teste de biodegrada??o aer?bica, bem como nos filmes de 100% de PVA e PLA. A extra??o da fibra foi efetuada numa desfibradeira autom?tica, e em seguida as fibras extra?das foram lavadas v?rias vezes para remover as impurezas e foram tratadas com NaOH (hidr?xido de s?dio) e NaClO (hipoclorito de s?dio), para remover as impurezas inerentes ?s fibras e a cor natural, respectivamente. Em seguida, as fibras tratadas foram submetidas a um processo de hidr?lise com ?cido sulf?rico a 13,5%, para obten??o de bast?es de celulose. Foram produzidos filmes biocomp?sitos de PVA e PLA com bast?es de celulose nas concentra??es de 0%, 1%, 3%, 6%, 9% e 12%. ?gua destilada a 80?C ? 5 na dilui??o de PVA e diclorometano para a dilui??o do PLA na temperatura ambiente. Na prepara??o dos filmes foi utilizado o m?todo de ?casting?. Posteriormente foram realizados os testes de absor??o de ?gua pelos filmes produzidos. Para o ensaio mec?nico de tra??o dos filmes foi utilizada a norma ASTM D638-10 com velocidade de 50 mm/min. O teste estat?stico Qui-quadrado foi empregado para a verifica??o da exist?ncia de diferen?as significativas em n?vel de 0,05: comprimentos das folhas do abacaxizeiro e dos bast?es, procedimentos utilizados para filtra??o em filtro utilizando seringa de 0,2 ?m e filtragem atrav?s de centrifuga??o. Foi realizado estudo de hidrofilidade dos filmes com base no ?ngulo de contato. Tamb?m foi aplicado o teste Estat?stico T-Student com n?vel de signific?ncia (0,05) para comparar as espessuras dos filmes de PVA e PLA e das propriedades mec?nicas (tra??o). Na avalia??o da biodegradabilidade dos biocomp?sitos, bem como os filmes de 100% das matrizes de PVA e PLA, foi utilizado o teste de Sturm norma D5209. Os resultados indicam a presen?a de bast?es de celulose com comprimentos variandos de 7,33 nm a 186,17 nm. As espessuras em m?dia dos filmes de PVA e PLA eram de 0,153 ?m e 0,210 ?m, respectivamente. Foi observada uma forte correla??o linear diretamente proporcional entre a tra??o dos filmes de PVA e a concentra??o de bast?es de celulose nos filmes (0,7336), da espessura do filme de 0,1404. Juntos, a porcentagem de bast?es de celulose e a espessura dos filmes, correlacionaram 0,8740. No caso dos filmes de PLA, a correla??o entre o teor dos bast?es de celulose e a tra??o foi fraca, inversamente proporcional (-0,0057) e a espessura em -0,2602, totalizando -0,2659, isto ?, os bast?es de celulose n?o aderiram totalmente ao PLA. Na compara??o dos resultados da tra??o das duas matrizes polim?ricas, os bast?es de celulose contribu?ram na melhoria das propriedades mec?nicas no caso de PVA, mas h? uma diferen?a com rela??o a PLA. Nos testes de biodegradabilidade, foi observado a degrada??o total do filme de PVA ap?s 27 dias, enquanto o filme de PLA degradou em 20 dias, o que comprova que os filmes produzidos s?o biodegrad?veis. / This work has the main objective to obtain nano and microcrystals of cellulose, extracted from the pineapple leaf fibres (PALF), as reinforcement for the manufacture of biocomposite films with polymeric matrices of Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and Poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The polymer matrices and the nano and microcrystals of cellulose were characterised by means of TGA, FTIR and DSC. The analysis was performed on the pineapple leaves to identify the macro and micronutrients. The fibers of the leaves of the pineapple were extracted in a desfibradeira mechanical. The PALF extracted were washed to remove washable impurities and subsequently treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) in the removal of impurities, such as fat, grease, pectates, pectin and lignin. The processed PALF fibers were hydrolysed in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at a concentration of 13.5 %, to obtain nano and microcrystals of cellulose. In the manufacture of biocomposite films, concentrations of cellulose, 0 %, 1 %, 3 %, 6 %, 9% and 12% were used as reinforcement to the matrices of PVA and PLA. The PVA was dissolved in distilled water at 80 ? 5 oC and the PLA was dissolved in dichloromethane at room temperature. The manufacture of biocomp?sitos in the form of films was carried out by "casting". Tests were carried out to study the water absorption by the films and mechanical test of resistance to traction according to ASTM D638-10 with a velocity of 50 mm/min.. Chi-square statistical test was used to check for the existence of significant differences in the level of 0.05: the lengths of the PALF, lengths of the nano and microcrystals of cellulose and the procedures used for the filtration using filter syringe of 0.2 ?m or filtration and centrifugation. The hydrophilicity of biocomp?sitos was analysed by measuring the contact angle and the thickness of biocomp?sitos were compared as well as the results of tests of traction. Statistical T test - Student was also applied with the significance level (0.05). In biodegradation, Sturm test of standard D5209 was used. Nano and microcrystals of cellulose with lengths ranging from 7.33 nm to 186.17 nm were found. The PVA films showed average thicknesses of 0.153 ?m and PLA 0.210 ?m. There is a strong linear correlation directly proportional between the traction of the films of PVA and the concentration of cellulose in the films (composite) (0,7336), while the thickness of the film was correlated in 0.1404. Nano and microcrystals of cellulose and thickness together, correlated to 0.8740. While the correlation between the cellulose content and tensile strength was weak and inversely proportional (- 0,0057) and thickness in -0.2602, totaling -0,2659 in PLA films. This can be attributed to the nano and microcrystals of cellulose not fully adsorbed to the PLA matrix. In the comparison of the results of the traction of the two polymer matrices, the nano and microcrystals have helped in reducing the traction of the films (composite) of PLA. There was still the degradation of the film of PVA, within a period of 20 days, which was not seen in the PLA film, on the other hand, the observations made in the literature, the average time to start the degradation is above 60 days. What can be said that the films are biodegradable composites, with hydrophilicity and the nano and microcrystals of cellulose, contribute positively in the improvement of the results of polymer matrices used.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-10-18T20:27:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianiPaolaRochaCruz_TESE.pdf: 7850620 bytes, checksum: 76ac66a2a99a5841c825866204febb92 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-10-23T22:34:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianiPaolaRochaCruz_TESE.pdf: 7850620 bytes, checksum: 76ac66a2a99a5841c825866204febb92 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-23T22:34:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianiPaolaRochaCruz_TESE.pdf: 7850620 bytes, checksum: 76ac66a2a99a5841c825866204febb92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-21 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Nanocristais de celulose s?o nanoestruturas derivados da celulose, que ? um recurso renov?vel e abundante na natureza. Por apresentarem uma combina??o de propriedades como alta resist?ncia mec?nica e m?dulo de elasticidade, superf?cie reativa e biodegradabilidade, esses materiais t?m recebido grande interesse para aplica??es que incluem desde refor?o em materiais polim?ricos, embalagens alimentares, a aplica??es na ?rea farmac?utica. A produ??o de celulose nanom?trica a partir de fibras de algod?o tem sido relatada em v?rios trabalhos publicados na literatura. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar a obten??o de nanocelulose a partir do res?duo de tecido de fibra de algod?o tingido com corante ?ndigo, devido possuir alto conte?do de celulose, pelas vias de hidr?lise ?cida e enzim?tica. Nanocelulose foi obtida com e sem a realiza??o de pr?-tratamento para remo??o do corante e os efeitos do pr?-tratamento nas caracter?sticas da nanocelulose foram avaliados. Na hidr?lise ?cida, foram avaliadas duas condi??es de tratamento para isolamento de nanocristais de celulose: concentra??es de ?cido sulf?rico de 55% m/m a 60 C ou 65% m/m a 45 C, com tempos de 30 e 60 min. Na hidr?lise enzim?tica foram estudadas as influ?ncias do tipo de complexo enzim?tico (Trichoderma reesei ATCC 26921 ou Aspergillus fumigatus), o tempo (0 a 48h) e a carga enzim?tica (7,5 ou 12 FPU). As suspens?es obtidas ap?s hidr?lise foram caracterizadas pelas t?cnicas de potencial zeta, microscopia de for?a at?mica, microscopia eletr?nica de transmiss?o, espectrofotometria de infravermelho, difra??o de raios X, an?lise termogravim?trica, a??cares redutores totais e cromatografia l?quida de alto desempenho. Os resultados comprovaram a obten??o de nanocelulose a partir do tecido de algod?o tingido com corante ?ndigo, tanto no processo via hidr?lise ?cida, como no de via enzim?tica. As imagens de microscopia indicaram nanocristais de celulose com formato alongado (agulhas) a partir da hidr?lise ?cida. No caso da hidr?lise enzim?tica, as imagens mostraram a presen?a de nanocelulose com formato esf?rico. A hidr?lise ?cida realizada na condi??o de 65% a 45 C e tempo de 60 min resultou em nanocristais com menor comprimento e di?metro, tanto para o tecido pr?-tratado como para o sem pr?-tratamento. Com rela??o a hidr?lise enzim?tica, a realiza??o de pr?-tratamento n?o alterou significativamente as caracter?sticas das estruturas micro e nanocristalina. O tamanho m?dio das nanoceluloses obtidas foram na faixa de 80 a 230nm. Os resultados do processo de hidr?lise enzim?tica indicam que as melhores convers?es de celulose em glicose ocorreram utilizando o complexo enzim?tico produzido por Trichoderma reesei ATCC 26921 com carga de enzima de 12 FPU e tempo de hidr?lise de 48h. Este trabalho demonstrou que nanocristais de celulose podem ser obtidos a partir do tecido de algod?o tingido com corante ?ndigo, sem a necessidade de pr?-tratamento para remo??o do corante, e as caracter?sticas dos nanomateriais obtidos dependem do processo de hidr?lise utilizado. / Cellulose nanocrystals are nanomaterials derived from cellulose, which is a renewable and abundant resource in nature. Due to combination of properties such as high mechanical strength and modulus of elasticity, reactive surface and biodegradability, these materials have received great attention for applications ranging from reinforcement in polymeric materials, food packaging, to applications in the pharmaceutical area. The production of nanometric cellulose from cotton fibers has been reported in several works published in the literature. The objective of this research was to study the production of nanocellulose from indigo-dyed cotton fibers from waste fabric, via acid and enzymatic hydrolysis routes. Nanocellulose was obtained with and without pre-treatment for dye removal and the effects of the pre-treatment on the characteristics of the nanocellulose were evaluated. For the acid hydrolysis, two treatment conditions for the isolation of cellulose nanocrystals were evaluated: sulfuric acid concentrations of 55% m / m at 60 C and 65% m/m at 45 C, for 30 and 60 min. For the enzymatic hydrolysis, the influence of enzyme complex type (Trichoderma reesei ATCC 26921 and Aspergillus fumigatus), time (0 to 48h) and enzymatic load (7.5 and 12 FPU) were studied. The suspensions obtained after hydrolysis were characterized by the techniques of zeta potential, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, total reducing sugars and high performance liquid chromatography. The results demonstrated that nanocellulose was obtained from indigo dyed cotton fibers, in both processing routes evaluated: via acid and enzymatic hydrolysis. Microscopy images indicated needle shaped celulose from the acid hydrolysis. For the enzymatic hydrolysis, the images showed the presence of nanocellulose with spherical shape. The acid hydrolysis carried out at 65% at 45 C for 60 min resulted in nanocrystals of smaller length and diameter, both for the pretreated fabric and the fabric without pretreatment. For the enzymatic hydrolysis, the pretreatment did not affect significantly the characteristics of the micro and nanocrystalline structures. The average size of the nanocellulose obtained was in the range of 80 to 230 nm. The results of the enzymatic hydrolysis suggest that the best cellulose to glucose conversions occurred using the enzymatic complex Trichoderma reesei ATCC 26921 with enzymatic load of 12 FPU and hydrolysis time of 48h. In summary, this study demonstrated that cellulose nanocrytals can be obtained from indigo-dyed cotton fibers from waste fabric, without the need for pretreatment for dye removal, and the characteristics of the nanomaterials obtained depend on the hydrolysis process used.