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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

AvaliaÃÃo da formaÃÃo de hidretos metÃlicos em ligas de zircÃnio / Evaluation of metal hydrides formation in zirconium alloys

Ricardo Henrique da Penha Martins 30 April 2014 (has links)
nÃo hà / As ligas de ZircÃnio tÃm maior aplicabilidade na indÃstria nuclear, sÃo utilizadas na fabricaÃÃo de tubos que compÃem uma estrutura metÃlica, denominada de elemento combustÃvel, que forma o nÃcleo dos reatores nucleares. Os referidos tubos sÃo utilizados no revestimento de pastilhas cerÃmicas de diÃxido de urÃnio enriquecido e podem sofrer precipitaÃÃo de hidretos em condiÃÃes operacionais. Esse efeito à deletÃrio Ãs citadas ligas, tendo em vista a reduÃÃo da ductibilidade a depender da morfologia dos hidretos formados. A morfologia dos hidretos e a sua respectiva susceptibilidade à formaÃÃo foram avaliados em amostras de ligas de comerciais de zircÃnio Zircaloyâ4Â, Zirlo e M5â. As amostras foram hidrogenadas em autoclave, nas condiÃÃes de pressÃo e temperatura de um reator nuclear. Posteriormente foram feitas anÃlises microestruturais das ligas e verificaÃÃo da morfologia hidretos metÃlicos formados, por microscopia Ãptica e de varredura eletrÃnica, bem como foi utilizada a tÃcnica de difraÃÃo de Raios X, a fim de identificar a presenÃa de hidretos. Hidretos circunferenciais, foram formados, pela referida condiÃÃo de hidrogenaÃÃo, somente na liga M5â e hidretos radiais, que sÃo indesejÃveis por serem pontos nucleadores de trincas, formaram-se nas liga Zirlo e M5â para condiÃÃes mais severas de hidrogenaÃÃo. Para ambos os tipos de hidrogenaÃÃo nÃo se verificou, nas micrografias, a presenÃa de hidretos no Zircaloyâ4Â, no entanto, picos de hidretos foram evidenciados por difraÃÃo de raios X, para a condiÃÃo de hidrogenaÃÃo mais severa. / Zirconium alloys have greater applicability in the nuclear industry are used in the manufacture of tubes that make up a metal structure , called the fuel element , and form the core of nuclear reactors . Such tubes are used in the coating of ceramic pellets of enriched uranium dioxide and precipitation of hydrides can undergo in operating conditions . This effect is detrimental to the aforementioned alloys , with a view to reducing the ductility depending on the morphology of hydrides . The morphology of hydrides and their respective susceptibility to formation were evaluated in samples of commercial zirconium alloys Zircaloy - 4 Â, ZIRLO  and M5 â . The samples were hydrogenated in an autoclave under the conditions of pressure and temperature of a nuclear reactor . Later microstructural analysis and verification of alloy metal hydrides formed morphology , were made by optical microscopy and scanning electron as well as the technique of X-ray diffraction was used to identify the presence of hydrides. Circumferential hydrides were formed, by hydrogenation condition that only the radial hydrides and M5 â alloy, which are undesirable to be more deleterious to mechanical properties, the alloy is formed Zirloâ M5Â, and for more severe hydrogenation conditions. For both types of hydrogenation was not observed in the presence of hydrides Zircaloy-4 Â.
2

Ruthenium Phosphine Complexes with the Ligand o-phenylenics:synthesis, characterization and application as catalysts in hydrogenation reaction. / Complexos fosfÃnicos de rutÃnio com ligantes o-fenilÃnicos: sÃntese, caracterizaÃÃo e aplicaÃÃo como catalisadores em reaÃÃo de hidrogenaÃÃo.

Thiago dos Santos Francisco 26 October 2010 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / The dependence on the experimental conditions of the production of phosphine ruthenium complexes containing o-phenylene ligands was analyzed in this work. The reaction between mer-[RuIIICl3(dppb)(H2O)] and [RuIICl2(dppb)(PPh3)] starting complexes, where dppb = 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphine)butane and PPh3 = triphenilphosphine, and 4-cloro-1,2-phenylenediamine (opda-Clcat), 3,3â,4,4â-tetraaminebiphenyl (tabcat,cat), benzenedithiol (bzditiolcat), and 9,10-phenantrequinone (fenantq) species resulted in the production of trans-[RuIICl2(dppb)(opda-Clcat)], cis-[RuIICl2(dppb)(opda-Clq)], trans-[RuIICl2(dppb)(tabq,cat)], cis-[RuIICl2(dppb)(tabq,cat)], trans-[RuIICl2(dppb)(Bzditiolcat)], and trans-[RuIICl2(dppb)(fenantq)] complexes. These compounds were characterized by means of electrochemical techniques, electronic and vibrational spectroscopies, and 31P{1H} nuclear magnetic resonance. The 31P{1H} NMR technique allowed the determination of the cis and trans isomers based on correlation with previously reported data and with the isolated compounds from the syntheses made from the [RuIICl2(dppb)(PPh3)] reduced starting complex. The mechanistic scheme for the reaction between the mer-[RuIIICl3(dppb)(H2O)] complex and the opda-Clcat ligand was proposed based on kinetics experiments acquired by using stopped-flow technique. In accordance with the kinetic results, there is the suggestion of the formation of a binuclear intermediate whose metal centers are reduced through an intra-molecular electron transfer process where the ligand is oxidized. This conclusion reinforces the results reported in the literature for the opda ligand. All the synthesized complexes presented catalytic activity toward the hydrogenation reaction of acetophenone molecule. Among these, based on preliminary results, the cis-[RuIICl2(dppb)(opda-Clq)], trans-[RuIICl2(dppb)(tabq,cat)], and cis-[RuIICl2(dppb)(tabq,cat)] complexes presented a conversion of 100%. Although a more careful study should be done, this result suggests that these compounds are able to act as catalysts in reduction reaction of polar double bonding. / A influÃncia das condiÃÃes reacionais na formaÃÃo de complexos fosfÃnicos de rutÃnio com ligantes o-fenilÃnicos foram estudadas neste trabalho. A reaÃÃo dos complexos mer-[RuIIICl3(dppb)(H2O)] e [RuIICl2(dppb)(PPh3)], onde dppb = 1,4-bis(difenilfosfina)butano e PPh3 = trifenilfosfina, e os ligantes o-fenilÃnicos 4-cloro-1,2-fenilenodiamina (opda-Clcat), 3,3â,4,4â-tetraaminobifenil (tabcat,cat), benzenoditiol (bzditiolcat) e 9,10-fenantrequinona (fenantq) resultaram na formaÃÃo dos complexos trans-[RuIICl2(dppb)(opda-Clcat)], cis-[RuIICl2(dppb)(opda-Clq)], trans-[RuIICl2(dppb)(tabq,cat)], cis-[RuIICl2(dppb)(tabq,cat)], trans-[RuIICl2(dppb)(Bzditiolcat)] e trans-[RuIICl2(dppb)(fenantq)]. A caracterizaÃÃo destas espÃcies foi realizada por tÃcnicas eletroquÃmicas, espectroscopias eletrÃnica e vibracional e ressonÃncia magnÃtica nuclear de 31P{1H}. A tÃcnica de RMN 31P{1H} permitiu a identificaÃÃo dos isÃmeros cis e trans dos complexos sintetizados atravÃs de comparaÃÃo com dados da literatura e com espectros obtidos para os produtos isolados a partir do complexo reduzido, [RuIICl2(dppb)(PPh3)]. A proposta mecanÃstica para a reaÃÃo entre o complexo mer-[RuIIICl3(dppb)(H2O)] e o ligante opda-Clcat foi baseada em experimentos cinÃticos obtidos atravÃs da tÃcnica de stopped-flow. De acordo com os resultados cinÃticos, hà a sugestÃo de formaÃÃo de um intermediÃrio binuclear cujos centros metÃlicos sÃo reduzidos atravÃs de um processo de transferÃncia de elÃtrons intramolecular onde o ligante sofre oxidaÃÃo. Esta conclusÃo reforÃa os resultados reportados na literatura para o ligante opda. Todos os complexos sintetizados apresentaram atividade catalÃtica em relaÃÃo à reaÃÃo de hidrogenaÃÃo da molÃcula de acetofenona sendo que, de acordo com os ensaios realizados, os complexos cis-[RuIICl2(dppb)(opda-Clq)], trans-[RuIICl2(dppb)(tabq,cat)] e cis-[RuIICl2(dppb)(tabq,cat)] apresentaram uma conversÃo de 100%. Embora seja necessÃrio um estudo mais criterioso, este resultado sugere que estes compostos podem atuar como catalisadores de reaÃÃo de reduÃÃo de duplas ligaÃÃes polares.

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