Three balance experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dietary fiber on mineral balance and intestinal.morphology of growing pigs. Fiber sources were added to corn-soybean meal diets at levels which increased neutral-detergent fiber levels by 6 to 8%. In experiment 1, 10% oat hulls (OH) decreased Ca (P<.06) and Zn (P<.01) balances of pigs after a 7 d feeding period. Wheat bran (20%) increased Mg intake and balance (P<.02), but did not affect Ca and Zn balances. In experiment 2, pigs were fed diets (with or without supplements of Zn, Fe and Mg) containing 15% OH or soybean hulls (SH) for 5 d or 26 d. SH increased Fe intake and balance (P<.01) and ( Mg absorption (P<.01). Compared with balances at 5 d, Zn balance was similar, while Fe and Mg balances were higher at 26 d for pigs fed the basal (P<.05) or SH (P<.01) diets. However, Zn balance was lower (P<.05) at 26 d 1 but Fe balance did not change over time for pigs fed the OH diets. At each time period, Zn balance was not different between pigs fed the basal or high-fiber diets. In experiment 3, Ca, Zn and Mg absorption were not affected by 15% OH or SH or 20% alfalfa meal (AM) after 67 d or 39 d, although SH and AM increased Fe balance (P<.01). Intestinal surface morphology of 12 pigs fed in experiment 3 was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Villus morphology was variable in jejunum, ileum and colon, although evidence of villus blunting and folding accompanied by erosion of microvilli and loss of epithelial cells was observed in small intestine of some pigs fed the SH and AM diets. Damage was not consistent in all sites examined in individual pigs, and did not occur in all pigs fed any specific diets. Although Ca and Zn balances were decreased by OH in two of the balance trials, the inability of OH to consistently decrease mineral balance suggests that the ability of the pig to adapt to different diets may be sufficient to overcome the mild inhibitory effect on mineral absorption of some fiber sources. When viewed together, the results of the balance trials indicate that moderate amounts of dietary fiber have a minimal negative impact on mineral balance of pigs fed practical corn-soybean meal diets. However, the results also indicate that fiber sources such as SH and AM, are rich sources of some minerals for the pig, particularly Fe. Evidence of intestinal damage was evident in pigs fed the high-fiber diets. However, not all animals fed a particular diet were affected, which suggests that some pigs within a given population may be susceptible to detrimental effects of dietary fiber on intestinal structure or function. / Ph. D.

Aging, obesity and increased waist circumference (WC) increases risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS is a cluster of symptoms (elevated WC, triglycerides, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]) increasing risk for chronic disease. Low-energy dense (LED) diets, emphasizing whole food eating patterns, have not been examined in combination with moderate (mod)/high-intensity physical activity (PA) or dietary protein levels to determine their impact on changes in body weight (BW) and WC in premenopausal, abdominally obese women. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of two 16-wk diet and PA interventions, differing in protein intake, on BW, WC, MetS risk factors, dietary patterns, energy density (ED), and min of Mod-Hi PA. METHODS: Healthy, abdominally obese (WC≥80cm) women (n=38; 34±10y) were randomly assigned to either a 15 or 25% (+18 g/d whey protein) en from protein diet. Individualized LED diets plans decreased energy intake (EI) by ~300kcal/d; PA 5 d/wk (30-60 min/d) consisted of supervised, high-intensity Zumba classes 3d/wk (≥65%HRmax; ≥6METs) and self-selected mod-intensity PA (≥3METs) 2d/wk. Servings of fruits/vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat/fat-free dairy (LFD), fiber, high calorie beverages (BEV), ED, and PA were monitored before (T1), during (T2) and after (T3) the intervention using repeated measures ANOVA. Bonferroni simultaneous testing procedure was used in analysis of multiple comparisons. RESULTS: At T1, groups did not differ in dietary patterns, PA, BW, WC, or MetS risk. Groups responded similarly to the interventions so data were combined, with BW and WC decreasing (p<0.0001) by -4.8±2.7kg and -7.1±3.6cm, respectively. Comparing T1 vs. T2, there were increases (p<0.0001) in fruits/vegetables, (Δ=+1.5 ser/d), whole grains (Δ=+1.0 ser/d), LFD (Δ=+0.5 ser/d), fiber (Δ=+5.7g/1000 kcal), and decreases in BEV (Δ=-165 kcal/d) and ED (Δ=-0.55 kcal/g). During the intervention high-intensity Zumba PA was 87min/wk; total min of all mod-intensity PA increased by 75 min/d (p<0.0001); VO2max improved from 29.3±4.7 (T1) to 34.4±5.3 (T3) mL/kg/min (p<0.0001). Triglycerides significantly decreased (-24±52 mg/dl; p=0.006), no other significant changes occurred in MetS risk factors. Exploratory analysis indicated that increases in fruits/vegetables and LFD, and decreases ED were associated with BW loss, while increases in whole grains, fiber, LFD, and min/wk of high-intensity PA (Zumba) were associated with WC reductions. CONCLUSION: For abdominally obese women, an intervention focused on LED foods and high-intensity PA significantly reduced BW and WC and improved dietary patterns regardless of protein intake. Helping clients identify a few key factors that positively promote reductions in BW and WC may improve weight loss success, while reducing MetS risk factors. / Graduation date: 2012

Estudos in situ comumente são conduzidos com pequeno número de animais, existindo poucos trabalhos enfocando o impacto da variabilidade animal sobre seus resultados. O objetivo deste estudo foi explorar o efeito da variabilidade animal sobre as taxas fracionais de degradação (kd) de MS, FDN, FDA e CEL de forragens. Foi conduzido experimento utilizando trinta novilhos Nelore portadores de cânula ruminal (372 ± 16,02 kg P.V.). Dieta 1, todos os animais receberam dieta contendo 100% feno de Coast-cross + sal mineral, ambos ad libitum. Na Dieta 2, todos os animais receberam dieta com 88% de bagaço de cana in natura, 8% de farelo de soja, 2,8% de premix mineral e 1,2% de uréia. Em ambos os períodos foram incubadas amostras de feno de Coast-cross (Fc) (7,31% PB; 78,24% FDN; 40,92% FDA), bagaço de cana-de-açuçar (BAG) (3,04% PB; 90,31% FDN; 69,36% FDA) e feno Tifton-85 (Ft) (13,32% PB; 73,27% FDN; 39,29% FDA) em sacos de poliamida (10 cm x 20 cm; 30 ± 10 &mu;m porosidade) nos tempos 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 144 h. Os sacos foram suspensos no saco ventral do rúmen em ordem reversa e removidos simultaneamente no tempo zero. Os teores de MS, FDN, FDA e lignina nos resíduos foram determinados por química líquida e a CEL foi calculada por subtração do teor de lignina da fração do FDA. A cinética de degradação ruminal de MS, FDN, FDA e CEL foram calculadas de acordo com o modelo não linear Y(t) = a + b (1 - e(-kd × t) ); onde t >= 0. As atividades de comportamento ingestivo (ingestão, ruminação, ingestão de água e ócio) foram registradas em intervalos de 10 minutos durante 24 horas. Análise de Componentes Principais foi utilizada para determinar a correlação entre substratos; Análise Fatorial para caracterizar a população de animais (P<0,05); Análise de Agrupamento e Contrastes Multivariados para compor grupos dentro da população (P<0,01) e Análise de Correlação Canônica para determinar correlação entre kd e comportamento ingestivo (P<0,01). Simulação entre número de animais e coeficiente de variação (CV) foi realizada na tentativa de estimar a quantidade adequada de repetições para estes estudos. As médias de kd para MS, FDN, FDA e CEL foram: 3,26; 3,29; 3,44 e 3,54 para Fc; 3,74; 3,88; 4,07 e 4,49 para Ft; e 2,67; 2,68; 2,58 e 2,65 para BAG respectivamente. Foram compostos três níveis de kd para Fc e Ft (alto, médio e baixo) e quatro para BAG (alto, médio alto, médio baixo e baixo). O CV é adequado para mensuração da precisão do ensaio, sendo mais indicado o índice de variação (IV). Em ambas as fases, para todos os substratos, não houve correlação entre kd e comportamento ingestivo. As diferentes correlações de kd entre substratos para as duas fases, demonstra a influência da dieta ofertada sobre o kd. O estudo da variabilidade e o IV indicam que o número de animais é dependente do substrato avaliado, porém o estudo da variabilidade demonstra que os indivíduos que compõe este número são distintos entre dietas. / In situ studies are general carried out with a few number of animals and there are few trials that inquire the impact of animal variability on these results. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of animal population variability on fractional disappearance rate (kd) of DM, NDF, ADF and cellulose (CEL). Experiment using thirty ruminally canullated Nellore bulls (372 ± 16.02 kg BW) was carried over. In phase 1, all animals received 100% Coast-cross hay with mineral mix ad libitum. In period 2, all animals received a diet containing 88% sugarcane bagasse, 8% soybean meal, 2.8% mineral mix and 1.2% urea (DM basis). In both trials, representative samples of Coast-cross hay (CCH - 7.31% CP, 78.24% NDF, 40.92% ADF), sugarcane bagasse (BAG - 3.04% CP, 90.31% NDF, 69.36% ADF) and Tifton-85 hay (TH - 13.32% CP, 73.27% NDF, 39.29% ADF) were incubated in polyamide-bags (10 cm × 20 cm; 30 ± 10 &mu;m pore size) for 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 144 h. Bags were suspended in the rumen ventral sac before at feeding in reverse order and removed simultaneously at time zero. Residual DM, NDF, ADF, and lignin were determined by wet chemistry. Cellulose (CEL) was calculated as ADF minus lignin. Ruminal degradation kinetics of DM, NDF, ADF, and CEL were calculated using a nonlinear model Y(t) = a + b (1 - e(-kd × t) ); where t >= 0. Feeding behavior parameters (eating, ruminating, water drinking and idling) were recorded every 10 minutes during 24 h. Principal component analysis was used to determine correlation of variables among substrates. Factorial Analysis was used to characterize animal population (P<0.05), Cluster with Multivariate Contrasts (P<0.01) to analyze differences in kd groups and Multivariate Canonical correlation analysis (P<0.05) to correlate kd with feeding behavior parameters. A simulation with number of animals was done against coefficient of variation (CV) to determinate optimum number of animals in an in situ assay. The kd (average) of DM, NDF, ADF, and CEL were: 3.26, 3.29, 3.44 and 3.54 for CCH; 3.74, 3.88, 4.07 and 4.49 for TH; and 2.67, 2.68, 2.58 and 2.65 for BAG, respectively. There was no correlation among substrates in both periods. Were found three groups of kd for CCH and TH (high, medium and low) and four groups for BAG (high, medium-high, medium, and low). CV is not adequate to measure experimental precision, instead it, variation index is indicated (VI). In both incubations phases, there was no relationship between feeding behavior and kd, for all incubated forages sources. The kd correlations among substrates between two incubation phases were different, indicating influence of the diet on kd. Variability investigation and VI parameter indicate that the number of animals necessary in these trials is affected by the substrate incubated. However, the variability investigation suggests that probably different animals compose this number.

Estudos in situ comumente são conduzidos com pequeno número de animais, existindo poucos trabalhos enfocando o impacto da variabilidade animal sobre seus resultados. O objetivo deste estudo foi explorar o efeito da variabilidade animal sobre as taxas fracionais de degradação (kd) de MS, FDN, FDA e CEL de forragens. Foi conduzido experimento utilizando trinta novilhos Nelore portadores de cânula ruminal (372 ± 16,02 kg P.V.). Dieta 1, todos os animais receberam dieta contendo 100% feno de Coast-cross + sal mineral, ambos ad libitum. Na Dieta 2, todos os animais receberam dieta com 88% de bagaço de cana in natura, 8% de farelo de soja, 2,8% de premix mineral e 1,2% de uréia. Em ambos os períodos foram incubadas amostras de feno de Coast-cross (Fc) (7,31% PB; 78,24% FDN; 40,92% FDA), bagaço de cana-de-açuçar (BAG) (3,04% PB; 90,31% FDN; 69,36% FDA) e feno Tifton-85 (Ft) (13,32% PB; 73,27% FDN; 39,29% FDA) em sacos de poliamida (10 cm x 20 cm; 30 ± 10 &mu;m porosidade) nos tempos 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 144 h. Os sacos foram suspensos no saco ventral do rúmen em ordem reversa e removidos simultaneamente no tempo zero. Os teores de MS, FDN, FDA e lignina nos resíduos foram determinados por química líquida e a CEL foi calculada por subtração do teor de lignina da fração do FDA. A cinética de degradação ruminal de MS, FDN, FDA e CEL foram calculadas de acordo com o modelo não linear Y(t) = a + b (1 - e(-kd × t) ); onde t >= 0. As atividades de comportamento ingestivo (ingestão, ruminação, ingestão de água e ócio) foram registradas em intervalos de 10 minutos durante 24 horas. Análise de Componentes Principais foi utilizada para determinar a correlação entre substratos; Análise Fatorial para caracterizar a população de animais (P<0,05); Análise de Agrupamento e Contrastes Multivariados para compor grupos dentro da população (P<0,01) e Análise de Correlação Canônica para determinar correlação entre kd e comportamento ingestivo (P<0,01). Simulação entre número de animais e coeficiente de variação (CV) foi realizada na tentativa de estimar a quantidade adequada de repetições para estes estudos. As médias de kd para MS, FDN, FDA e CEL foram: 3,26; 3,29; 3,44 e 3,54 para Fc; 3,74; 3,88; 4,07 e 4,49 para Ft; e 2,67; 2,68; 2,58 e 2,65 para BAG respectivamente. Foram compostos três níveis de kd para Fc e Ft (alto, médio e baixo) e quatro para BAG (alto, médio alto, médio baixo e baixo). O CV é adequado para mensuração da precisão do ensaio, sendo mais indicado o índice de variação (IV). Em ambas as fases, para todos os substratos, não houve correlação entre kd e comportamento ingestivo. As diferentes correlações de kd entre substratos para as duas fases, demonstra a influência da dieta ofertada sobre o kd. O estudo da variabilidade e o IV indicam que o número de animais é dependente do substrato avaliado, porém o estudo da variabilidade demonstra que os indivíduos que compõe este número são distintos entre dietas. / In situ studies are general carried out with a few number of animals and there are few trials that inquire the impact of animal variability on these results. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of animal population variability on fractional disappearance rate (kd) of DM, NDF, ADF and cellulose (CEL). Experiment using thirty ruminally canullated Nellore bulls (372 ± 16.02 kg BW) was carried over. In phase 1, all animals received 100% Coast-cross hay with mineral mix ad libitum. In period 2, all animals received a diet containing 88% sugarcane bagasse, 8% soybean meal, 2.8% mineral mix and 1.2% urea (DM basis). In both trials, representative samples of Coast-cross hay (CCH - 7.31% CP, 78.24% NDF, 40.92% ADF), sugarcane bagasse (BAG - 3.04% CP, 90.31% NDF, 69.36% ADF) and Tifton-85 hay (TH - 13.32% CP, 73.27% NDF, 39.29% ADF) were incubated in polyamide-bags (10 cm × 20 cm; 30 ± 10 &mu;m pore size) for 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 144 h. Bags were suspended in the rumen ventral sac before at feeding in reverse order and removed simultaneously at time zero. Residual DM, NDF, ADF, and lignin were determined by wet chemistry. Cellulose (CEL) was calculated as ADF minus lignin. Ruminal degradation kinetics of DM, NDF, ADF, and CEL were calculated using a nonlinear model Y(t) = a + b (1 - e(-kd × t) ); where t >= 0. Feeding behavior parameters (eating, ruminating, water drinking and idling) were recorded every 10 minutes during 24 h. Principal component analysis was used to determine correlation of variables among substrates. Factorial Analysis was used to characterize animal population (P<0.05), Cluster with Multivariate Contrasts (P<0.01) to analyze differences in kd groups and Multivariate Canonical correlation analysis (P<0.05) to correlate kd with feeding behavior parameters. A simulation with number of animals was done against coefficient of variation (CV) to determinate optimum number of animals in an in situ assay. The kd (average) of DM, NDF, ADF, and CEL were: 3.26, 3.29, 3.44 and 3.54 for CCH; 3.74, 3.88, 4.07 and 4.49 for TH; and 2.67, 2.68, 2.58 and 2.65 for BAG, respectively. There was no correlation among substrates in both periods. Were found three groups of kd for CCH and TH (high, medium and low) and four groups for BAG (high, medium-high, medium, and low). CV is not adequate to measure experimental precision, instead it, variation index is indicated (VI). In both incubations phases, there was no relationship between feeding behavior and kd, for all incubated forages sources. The kd correlations among substrates between two incubation phases were different, indicating influence of the diet on kd. Variability investigation and VI parameter indicate that the number of animals necessary in these trials is affected by the substrate incubated. However, the variability investigation suggests that probably different animals compose this number.

Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-04, page: 1952. Adviser: R. Sue Day. Includes bibliographical references.