Many participants, observers and later historians have commented on the insufficiency of fire support provided for the disastrous raid on the French channel port of Dieppe in August of 1942. This seemingly facile consensus raises a number of questions: (1) What type of additional fire support was needed? (2) What might the effects of this fire support have been given the technology of the time? and (3) Is the requirement for more firepower the product of retrospective speculation or were there contemporary standards for amphibious operations that would have indicated the need for more fire support? The need for additional naval fire support during the amphibious assault on Dieppe is explored, the most efficient form of fire is identified and the possible effects on the battle are evaluated in this study. The principal conclusions are that the need for more fire support was laid down in prior amphibious doctrine, the means for providing this fire support were available, and the effect of increased heavy gunfire support might have substantially improved the results of the landing component of the raid. The decision and planning process, particularly with respect to naval fire support, seems to strongly indicate a breakdown in rational bureaucratic decision making.

This study attempts to present a comprehensive history of Italian women in science from the Renaissance to the second half of the nineteenth century, when Italian universities welcomed women as students. Most of the women discussed were active in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, at a time when the sciences enjoyed great popularity. Then, some women were members of publicly-funded scientific academies, were university graduates and lecturers at institutes of sciences, and/or universities, and published in learned journals. Since many important women natural philosophers operated during the eighteenth century, there has been a tendency to see their learning in the sciences, degrees, memberships to scientific academies, and lectureships solely as the product of the Enlightenment. However, tradition played a role in their scientific education, in the granting of degrees, memberships and lectureships, and even in the scientific activities some women felt they were entitled to follow. The belief Pope Benedict XIV had that women had played a role at the University of Bologna in past centuries was pivotal in his decision to grant them degrees and positions at the university and its institutions of higher learning in the eighteenth century. Women belonged to publicly-funded academies of sciences in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries because literary and philosophical academies, from which various scientific academies would spring, had not been adverse to welcoming women in their midst. Some women were active in astronomy, botany, medicine, natural philosophy, mathematics, teaching, patronage, and translation during the eighteenth and nineteenth century, as some of their sisters had been during the Renaissance and Baroque periods. Of course, the way women carried out these scientific activities modified in later centuries to reflect the popularity and the development of the sciences, university reforms, censorship of the Copernican system, and social changes. Often families and teachers educated women in science in order to increase their own prestige. Nevertheless, there was a widespread belief amongst Italian men that some women were exceptional, and raised above their sex, and therefore could receive an education at par with men, and go further than the rest of their sex. This attitude on the part of the male elite allowed a few women to continue to be associated with institutions of higher learning in the second half of the nineteenth century, when the sciences became professionalized. Most of the Italian women studied were followers of scientific trends. However, there were some notable exceptions at the local and national level. Some women such as Laura Bassi, Elisabetta Fiorini Mazzanti, Caterina. Scarpellini, Anna Morandi Manzolini, and Maria Gaetana Agnesi carried out some pioneering work in the Italian context.

Après la Seconde guerre, le sens des ternes monde, civilisation, Europe diffère radicalement de ce qu'il était avant la Première; on ne doit donc pas sousestimer l'importance du changement qui a eu lieu dans notre histoire et pour notre histoire, et cette étude se pose pour but d'en relever certains des aspects. Écrivant le plus souvent sur le coup du moment, de l'actualité, des tendances qui règnent, aucun n'a été insensible (comment pouvait-on l'être?) à ce qu'on pourrait nommer par euphémisme les «restructurations de l'histoire». Ils produisent des ouvrages d'un type nouveau, que nous aurons soin de considérer comme des témoignages de première fraîcheur, et non comme bribes d'une vie ou d'une oeuvre entière: nous voulons lire ce qui s'est écrit au moment même des événements, sans la moindre considération 'par après'. L'essai proposé ici--car il s'agit bien d'un essai--se voudra donc un examen de quelques-unes de leurs vues et visions, et partira à la recherche d'une cohérence possible dans les manières dont le Vieux continent a pris conscience, par la voix des intellectuels, de ce qu'on nomme ordinairement les Temps modernes . (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

"The Role of Telecommunications Standards in European Integration" analyses the process of harmonisation for European telecommunications terminal equipment standards from 1958-1996. The M.A. Thesis focuses on Commission legislation dealing with telecommunications standards enacted in the Treaty of Rome up to the Maastricht Treaty with a special focus on the "New Approach to Technical Harmonisation and Standardisation". This thesis also looks at the application of the Low Voltage Directive 73/23/EEC and the Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive 89/336/EEC, and shows in practice, how European integration affected the national transposition of these directives into law and moreover, how the designated standards in these directives were harmonised. The final section assesses the implementation of European harmonised standards under the low voltage directive and electromagnetic compatibility directive into Member State legislation during 1996. And finally, in order to make a contribution to European Integration studies, the role of telecommunication standards is also placed within the framework of political European Integration Theory.

This thesis analyses the impact of the Araucanian revolt of 1598-99 on the southernmost Spanish colonies. In North America, military posts (presidios) were the cutting edge of settlement, and the border between whites and natives separated different economies. In the Southern Cone, however, feral horses and cattle were as important to Spaniards as to Indians, and presidios were conduits draining the wealth of the Andes towards the frontier. The focus of the work is the west-to-east articulation of this border in the seventeenth century. The Great Revolt forced the Crown to establish an army on the Bio Bio. The resources needed, however, provoked recurring political struggle between its agents and Santiago's elite, since both needed access to local products and aspired to use Peru's aid as they wished. The socio-political situation thereby created defined the salient characteristics of this frontier. The conflict was ultimately resolved by creating a corridor which extended frontier activities and characteristics eastward, to Cuyo, Tucuman and the Rio de La Plata. Through this movement, the experience of Santiago was recreated until, eventually, even distant Buenos Aires was transformed into a "frontier society". That change, of course, was peculiarly appropriate for even as the Spanish frontier spread eastward, the Araucanians were driving towards the Atlantic.

Abstract not available.

Abstract not available.

Abstract not available.

Abstract not available.

Abstract not available.