Thesis (M.A.)--University of South Africa, 2001.

This thesis examines a thirty year span in the history of Scottish photography, focusing on the rise of the commercial studio from 1851 to assess how images were produced and consumed by the middle class in the mid-Victorian period. Using extensive archival material and a range of theoretical approaches, the research explores how photography was displayed, circulated, exploited and discussed in Scotland during its nascent years as a commodity. In doing so, it is unlike previous studies on Scottish photography that have not attended to the history of the medium as it is seen through exhibitions or the national journals, but instead have concentrated on explicating how an individual photographer or singular set of images are evidence of excellence in the field. While this thesis pays close attention to individual projects and studios, it does so to illuminate how photography functioned as a material object that equally shaped and was shaped by ideological constructs peculiar to mid-Victorian life in Scotland. It does not highlight particular photographers or works in order to elevate their standing in the history of photography but, rather, to show how they can be used as examples of a class phenomenon and provide an analytical frame for elucidating the cultural impact of commercial photography. Therefore, while the first two chapters provide a panoramic view of how photography was introduced to the Scottish middle class and how commercial photographers initially visualized Scotland, the second section is comprised of three ‘case studies' that show how the subject of the city, the landscape and the portrait were turned into objects of cultural consumption. This allows for a re-appraisal of photographs produced in Scotland during this era to suggest the impact of photography's products and processes was as vital as its visual content.

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D.Litt. et Phil. / The fundamental axle of this work is the educational and ideological policy during the years 1833-1862 concerning the secondary education. That’s to say, it is attempted the research and presentation all those of factors that directly or indirectly are involved in the molding/shaping and organization of the secondary education during King’s Othon reign, something which is imprinted both on the educational speech, and on the particular school activity. Specifically, the related laws and circulars are presented and the significance or the possibilities of application are evaluated. Further more, the way of acceptance or their reaction to them is located. This also has a special meaning, because during this period the steady basis of secondary education of Greek nation is formed. This is proved by the way of the formation and organization to a great degree development of the school plant. Thinking so, the basic matters and work inquiries, which are mentioned to European lending and domestic needs, the educational uniformity, the legislative frame and thoughts, the United organization of the secondary main circle of the circular education, the school liturgy according to regions of the Greek country and the by chance particularities, the orientation of the religions professional education, the education of Greek women, teachers, school children, pedagogic instructive teaching and educational task. Documents as primary sources were developed and kept in the General files of state “mainly in Kapodistrias’ and king Othon’s files” in the historic and ethnological society of Greece, in private files and collections. At the same time, those days what was written in the press was searched and was seriously taken into account as well as the existing bibliography. Finally the work was structured into eleven parts. The first part is mentioned to the conceptual and historic frame and what is related to the educational operation as well as the school work analyzed there. The second part includes what there was in Greece before 1833, mainly in Kapodistrias’ government. In the next part (c) entitled “The institutional operation in the secondary Education” the laws, thoughts and philosophy, directions and articles are analyzed. The foundation and operation both of Greek schools and high schools are the contents of fourth part. In the fifth part there are the economic possibilities and resources of the Medium Education and explicit information is given for the financial grants, the housing school problem and the luck in supervisory material. The next part concerns the common inferior education of Greek girls and as a rule the limited possibilities that they had for attending the courses of secondary education. The syntax and development of the analytic programs of study as well as the teaching of lessons is the content of the seventh part. In the eighth part the synthesis of the instructive corpus, the conditions of nominated teachers, their salary, their duties and obligations are examined. It follows “9th part” a certain report to the extend of school potential, registration conditions of students in Greek schools and high schools, according to their geographical regions as well as their fathers’ and guardians’ social and occupational data. The teaching works, in general, studies, penalties, wages, examinations, progress, reactions etc, are evaluated in the tenth part. The work is completed by the account of discoveries and general conclusions.

The story of the advancing American frontier has unending interest. Perhaps one of the most colorful and unusual frontier developments was that of the mining frontier in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. During the years following the discovery of gold in 1858 and the early 1880's occurred an almost unprecedented evolution from a primitive pioneer society to complex industrial development.

This dissertation examines the relationship between Baptists and social reform from 1770 through 1860. Chapter one examines two explanations to the social movements of this period. Attention is given to the tension between personal piety and social activism inherent in Baptist life. Chapter two explores the most controversial social issue of the nineteenth century: slavery. By weighing in on the colonization scheme, religious instruction, and abolition. Chapter three examines one of the most significant but least known debates of the antebellum period: the effort to end Sabbath mail delivery. Baptists pressed for a legislative end to a social problem. Not all Baptists shared the conviction that Congress should interfere. The subject of chapter four is the evangelical crusade against poverty. Baptists spiritualized the effort. Fighting poverty meant encouraging conversion and promoting virtue. Chapter five presents the temperance crusade as a spiritual and political mission. Temperance tested Baptist convictions more than any other philanthropic movement. The tension between the sacred and the secular came to the fore as Baptists disagreed over the role of benevolent societies. Chapter six examines the role of piety in Baptist life. It argues that far from forcing Baptists to withdraw from society and culture, their view of personal piety drove them into society. It was forged by their understanding of and desire for religious liberty. From very early on, they came to believe that society's best hope was a Christian and a church committed to the gospel. Even when Baptists articulated the spiritual nature of the church, they did so with the understanding that a spiritual church is a blessing to society. Chapter seven considers the impetus for direct political engagement discussed by Baptists. Always rejecting party politics, Baptists knew they had a responsibility to engage the public sphere. Pastors looked for "the medium path" that embraced every topic worthy of sermonizing without degrading their ministry. Chapter eight summarizes the argument. Baptists were social reformers. / This item is only available to students and faculty of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. If you are not associated with SBTS, this dissertation may be purchased from <a href="http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb">http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb</a> or downloaded through ProQuest's Dissertation and Theses database if your institution subscribes to that service.

Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1892. / MIT copy bound with: Design for a school of architecture and general studies / A. D. Koch. Accompanying drawings held by MIT Museum. / Statement of responsibility appears on p. [9]. / [by Robert R. Taylor]. / B.S.

This study contributes to current critical discussions about the figure of the Victorian woman journalist. Most previous scholarship on nineteenth-century female journalism has focused either on women's anonymous writings or on their contributions to conventionally feminine genres like serial fiction and prose articles on domesticity and fashion. Although women's campaigning journalism has attracted some attention, especially from historians of feminism, its role in the professionalization of women writers has gone largely unexamined. Consequently, it has been assumed that female journalists did not write on social and political issues, unless they wrote anonymously or as reformers with little interest in developing careers as presswomen. This thesis radically revises this view by showing the mid-century rise of female journalists who wrote on serious social and political topics and earned national and international repute. They broke the codes of anonymity in a number of ways, including signing articles in their own names and developing distinctly female personae. They presented themselves as model middle-class professional authors: knowledgeable, financially independent and vocationally committed. They proved, by example, women's fitness for conventionally masculine lines of journalism. By examining their careers in the periodical press, my thesis offers the first in-depth analysis of 'high-minded' female journalism in Victorian England. Beginning with the 1850s, the thesis is organised around certain key developments in the periodical press, such as the debates about professional authorship, discussions of the plight of single women and the nature of female work, and the advent of signed publication. It examines the rise of prestigious presswork by women through the study of three distinct, yet overlapping models of the female professional journalist: the feminist journalist, the mainstream reform journalist, and the foreign correspondent. It then discusses the representation of women's high-minded journalism in the domain of fiction. The study ends in the 1880s, noting how these mid-Victorian models of women's presswork influenced the discussion and practice of female professional journalism in the 1890s.

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