Roman round temples are usually discussed either in the context of round buildings like baths and mausolea or on a case-by-case basis. Both approaches fail to reveal what makes round temples a distinct architectural type and moreover, what reasons can account for their use throughout the Roman world. By examining round temples from the Republic, when they are first attested, to the early fourth century AD, this thesis aims to explain why the round form had such a lasting appeal. It follows a chronological approach, discussing the evidence for individual temples and situating them within their historical, social, topographical, and architectural contexts. In a comparative analysis, the building components, materials, techniques, decorative details, and proportions employed by round temples are outlined to reveal influences on their design. The round temples discussed in this study are concentrated in Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor. While the earliest examples in Rome draw on Italic traditions, from the late Republic, round temples begin to reflect Greek trends. Greek tholoi and the Greek decorative repertory, balanced by Roman developments in design, have a lasting influence on round temples. Based on tholoi, scholars have assumed that Roman round temples honored Vesta and divinized heroes. While they were celebrated with a few examples, the majority were dedicated to other gods and goddesses. As a result, religious, social, topographical and aesthetic reasons are proposed to explain the enduring appeal of round temples. Like the motivations behind their foundations, the plans, dimensions, and proportional relationships employed by round temples are noted for their diversity. For their individuality and inventive spirit, round temples make a significant contribution to the Roman architectural repertory.

This thesis presents a new systematic arrangement of the coinage of the Gallic Empire as the basis for a revised edition of Roman Imperial Coinage. The coinage of all denominations, gold, silver and bronze, are unified into a single structure of issues. In 260, Postumus revolted against the Roman emperor Gallienus and took control of the Gauls. The chronology of his reign and of his successors is reviewed. The short reign of Domitianus II is interpreted as a revolt against the elevation of Tetricus. A rearrangement of Tetricus’s coinage supported by the epigraphic evidence proves that the elevation of Tetricus II to the Caesarship must be redated from 273 to 272. The location of the mints is discussed. Conclusive hoard evidence proves that the main mint was located at Trier, and not at Cologne. The study of iconography implies that choices were not necessarily made by the imperial authorities, but that more freedom was given to engravers than is usually assumed. The use of earlier coins as an iconographic repertoire strongly suggests that earlier coins were brought to the mint to be melted down. Metrological analyses of gold coins of the Gallic emperors show for the first time that silver was deliberately added to the alloy, following a practice introduced by Valerian and continued by Gallienus. The debasement of the ‘silver’ coinage is studied in parallel with its contemporary evolution within the Central Empire. Coin circulation is used in order to determine the frontiers of the Gallic Empire. It is demonstrated that the Gallic Empire reached its apogee between 262 and 265, ruling over Britain, the Gauls, Hispania and Raetia. The nature of the Gallic Empire is discussed. It is argued that this ‘Empire’ should not be viewed as a form of separatism, as often claimed, but as the unintended result of a status quo following Postumus’s acclamation and the long postponement of a final confrontation against the emperor of Rome.

99 Bibliografická citace Církevní dějiny Benešova ve světle archeologických výzkumů /rukopis/: diplomová práce / Váňová Libuše; vedoucí práce: Petr Kubín. - Praha, 2011. - 99 s. Anotace: Diplomová práce "Církevní dějiny Benešova ve světle archeologických výzkumů" vychází z dosud publikovaných prací, které mapují historii města a jeho církevních objektů. V první fázi je tedy nejprve věnována pozornost současnému zpracování tématu. Druhá fáze je pak zaměřena na přehled archeologických výzkumů, které se v dané lokalitě v průběhu doby uskutečnily. Důraz je kladen na výzkumy objektů sakrální povahy (klášter minoritů, farní kostel sv. Mikuláše, špitál s kostelem sv. Alžběty, areál piaristické koleje). Výsledky těchto výzkumů jsou pak konfrontovány s řečí písemných pramenů. V rámci objektivity nebylo možné opomenout i některé profánní objekty. Bez jejich archeologického prověření by totiž unikaly dějinné souvislosti. Za přínos lze považovat, že se podařilo objevem slovanského pohřebiště z 10. - 11. století podpořit zprávu (byť z pozdního pramene), která hovoří o svěcení kostela v Benešově v roce 1070. Klíčová slova: Církevní dějiny Benešova - historie města - archeologie Abstrakt: Thesis "Ecclestical History of Benesov in the light of archeological research" is based on Publisher work, which charts the history of...

This thesis investigates southern China as a part of dynamic and extensive interregional networks from the third to the first millennium BC and explores the changing roles of different southern regions within the interregional relationships. This was an important transitional period for southern China as it was the time when several prominent and farreaching innovations of technologies and material culture were made or adopted in the area. Four key sets of materials – rice, bronze, ceramics and jade – are examined with a World-system perspective to reveal interregional contacts in different directions and of different nature between southern China and a number of neighbouring regions. By stressing on local responses towards different technologies and material culture in different period, an alternative narrative to that stemmed from Chinese historiography is, therefore, suggested. Instead of being a passive and 'backward' periphery in the traditional sense, southern China presents diversification of material culture over time. Many of the mechanisms of transmission and circulation in the south are characterised by 'leaked' technologies and designs, as well as 'selective adoption' and local redevelopment of material culture.

This thesis offers an interdisciplinary approach to the period between c. AD 400 and 650 in the Lincoln region, considering in depth not only the archaeological evidence, but also the historical, literary and linguistic. It is argued that by using all of this material together, significant advances can be made in our understanding of what occurred in these centuries, most especially with regard to Anglian-British interaction in this period. It is contended that this evidence, when taken together, requires that a British polity named *Lindēs was based at Lincoln into the sixth century, and that the seventh-century Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Lindsey (Old English Lindissi < Late British *Lindēs-) had an intimate connection to this British political unit. In addition to investigating the evidence for Anglian-British interaction in this region and the potential legacies of British *Lindēs, this thesis also provides a detailed analysis of the nature of the Anglo-Saxon population-groups that were present in the Lincoln region from the mid-fifth century onwards, including those of *Lindēs-Lindissi and also more southerly groups, such as the Spalde/Spaldingas. The picture which emerges is arguably not simply of importance from the perspective of the history of the Lincoln region but also nationally, helping to answer key questions regarding the origins of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, the nature and extent of Anglian-British interaction in the core areas of Anglo-Saxon immigration, and the conquest and settlement of Northumbria.

This thesis investigates the nature of the relationship between cities and king in the late Classical and Hellenistic Macedonian kingdom. It will consider the cities from two main perspectives: the city as a community, and the city as a settlement. Section 1 re-examines the evidence most commonly used to argue for the Macedonian cities gaining substantial autonomy in this period. It will be argued that this evidence has less to tell us about the political autonomy of the Macedonian cities than their 'social relations' with other Greek communities: Macedonian cities engaged in international exchanges which did not represent any challenge to the authority of the monarch, but which could also be used to represent the relationship between king and city as cooperative. Such latitude was balanced, however, by forceful expressions of royal dominance in other arenas. Section 2 considers the position of the cities within the royal economy, and examines how, as a result of the king's monopolisation of Macedonia's resources, and the fact that the Macedonian elite was more interested in advancing their position at court than acting as civic benefactors, the cities were left economically subordinated to the king. Section 3 uses the increasingly abundant archaeological evidence to consider how royal building programmes served to project royal ideology into the localities. Royal palaces, large-scale urban development, and fortifications created an experience of urban space in Macedonia which emphasised the roles of the monarch as guardian, benefactor, and unifying figure. The picture that emerges is of a kingdom of civic communities which were engaged in meaningful exchanges with their peers outside Macedonia, but which were living in large and impressive urban settlements which stood as monuments to the extent and ubiquity of royal authority. Late-Classical and Hellenistic Macedonia was a kingdom of poleis, but that kingdom was first and foremost a royal space.

Esta Tese tem como objetivo analisar a pesquisa arqueológica e os artefatos coletados no Sitio Arqueológico Afonso Sardinha, localizado no morro de Araçoiaba, Iperó - São Paulo. O resultado da análise permitiu concluir que a área corresponde a um campo de mineração de ferro com a presença de evidências de uma Fábrica de Ferro, de um sistema de aproveitamento de energia hidráulica para movimentar os equipamentos e ferramentas destinadas a produção e de fornos de fundição. Além disso, a datação do material cerâmico (vasilhames e telhas) indica que as atividades de exploração do minério tiveram início no século XVI. / This Thesis has the goal to analyze archaeological research and artifacts found in Afonso Sardinha Archaeological, site located on Mount Araçoiaba, Iperó São Paulo. The analysis result leads to the conclusion that the area corresponds to iron mining field with the presence of Iron Factory evidence, a system that makes use of hydraulic power to move the equipment and tools used in the production and small ovens to melt iron. Besides, the ceramic date (pots and tiles) indicates that mineral digging activities began in the 16th century.

Esta Tese tem como objetivo analisar a pesquisa arqueológica e os artefatos coletados no Sitio Arqueológico Afonso Sardinha, localizado no morro de Araçoiaba, Iperó - São Paulo. O resultado da análise permitiu concluir que a área corresponde a um campo de mineração de ferro com a presença de evidências de uma Fábrica de Ferro, de um sistema de aproveitamento de energia hidráulica para movimentar os equipamentos e ferramentas destinadas a produção e de fornos de fundição. Além disso, a datação do material cerâmico (vasilhames e telhas) indica que as atividades de exploração do minério tiveram início no século XVI. / This Thesis has the goal to analyze archaeological research and artifacts found in Afonso Sardinha Archaeological, site located on Mount Araçoiaba, Iperó São Paulo. The analysis result leads to the conclusion that the area corresponds to iron mining field with the presence of Iron Factory evidence, a system that makes use of hydraulic power to move the equipment and tools used in the production and small ovens to melt iron. Besides, the ceramic date (pots and tiles) indicates that mineral digging activities began in the 16th century.