外力一直是左右着民國警察發展的主要因素。礙於海外專業訓練的龐大投資，政府和警政精英會因國家對外關係的變化，因應局勢演變而帶有不同的仿習偏好和傾向。這些精英從外引進歐美新知和先進科技，進而於其所屬的專業群體發表己見。而濃厚的改革氣氛更促進警務從業者對警學的廣泛討論和研究，並益於中國警政戰後重整。警察改革以中國現代化和中央集權為最終的政治目標。國民政府亦然，主張建設一個強大及文明的「現代」中國。故此，除日益繁重的警政事務以外，警察更礙於其角色的模糊理解，往往兼負起其他行政及軍事相關職能，以滿足現代國家的衍生需求。警察的角色衝突更因而觸發起後續的派系鬥爭，也為長期困擾着警政發展的癥結所在。本文以1928年至1949年間民國警政改革為研究對象，通過探討時人對警察不同的政治及專業理解，再而理解警政改革長期於中國急速成長的氛圍下停滯不前的現象。研究所得非但針對警政機構於中國未來所擔當的職能，更嘗指出政治手段何以推動警政統一而又忘卻探索「現代警察」本質的原念。External influence was the major factor which influenced the development of police reforms in Republican China. Following the dynamic changes on diplomacy,both of the Chinese government and police elites had different preferences on their professional studies overseas. The intellectuals brought foreign knowledge and technical skills and thereafter expressed their own ideas in their affiliated parties and communities. Therefore, the reformative atmosphere catalysed wide discussions and benefited the subsequent police reforms throughout the wartime and post-war period in China.Police reforms were always an instrument to reach the ultimate goals of modernization and centralization in the Republican China. Nanking Government also took the missions, and reformed China as a powerful and civilized country in the "modern world". Aside from the stronger demands on policing, they intended to assign policemen with extra duties because of their ambiguous understandings on the "modern police". The role-conflicts triggered the timely power struggles, as well as the crux that troubled Chinese policemen throughout the twentieth century.This thesis studies the police reform in the Republican China between 1928 and 1949. It specifically discusses the variety of professional and politicalunderstandings on policing and therefore examines the disappointed results of police reform amidst the rapid growth in Chinese modernization. More than imagine the future police force in their "modernizing state", the findings highlighted how the political means fulfilled their ambition on unification with the police functions but failed to search for the original belief of the police.

In this thesis the process by which crime investigation, detection and prosecution became an integral function of the British police service is analysed through an examination of public records, contemporary papers and documents, and by reference to the literature on policing. The impact of the adoption of that function on the role, organisation and management of modem British policing is then assessed. It is established that at its foundation by Robert Peel's Metropolitan Police Act of 1829, the British professional police service was intended to be a purely preventive and protective body of uniformed patrolling constables. The function of crime investigation, detection and criminal prosecution was then subsequently added to its responsibilities by government using administrative rather than any democratic or legislative means, thus creating the present dual crime prevention and crime detection role of the police. Major recurrentp roblemse xperiencedb y the modemB ritish police servicea re identified as arising from that change in its original functions and purposes, and proposals for action to resolve them are set out.

This thesis follows up with reflection of police work, from the point of view policeman and policewoman themselves, in the historical context of the operation of the Police of the Czech Republic from 1991 until present. The foundation of all of this work is orally historical research from present and former police officers. The goal of this work is to apprise public with perception of police surrounding from inside, right from regular police officers. In this thesis are analysed and evaluated discovered connections. Key words: Police, Police of the Czech republic, oral history, history, police culture

Paris, capitale de la monarchie absolutiste, posa, dans sa matérialité même, des problèmes d’ordre public aux pouvoirs politiques. Ces problèmes, démographiques, hygiéniques, de circulation et d’organisation sociale (une mobilité accrue), entraînèrent la création d’une institution spécialisée dans la « police » de la ville : la Lieutenance de police. Cette institution, de 1666 à 1789, s’attacha à résoudre les désordres urbains matériels et sociaux, et pour cela déploya des dispositifs policiers nouveaux, pour lesquels elle mobilisa les savoirs du temps tout en en produisant elle-même (plus empiriques). C’est également dans les pratiques des agents sur le terrain que l’on trouve la réalité de ce qu’était la police d’Ancien Régime, qui consista avant tout à occuper l’espace urbain, à le marquer et à l’aménager à la marge afin de produire la sûreté et la propreté des rues. En ce sens, la prise en compte de la réalité urbaine invite à croiser histoire urbaine et histoire de la police. / Paris, capital of the French absolutist monarchy, was, by its materiality, a problem for public order. This problem was demographic, hygienic, and also created by bad circulation and social organization (a growing mobility). It was the reason of the creation of the Lieutenance de police, a specialised institution into the police of the town. This institution, from 1666 to 1789, aimed to reduce urban material and social problems. In order to reduce these disturbances, the Lieutenance created new police systems to control urban space, and gained scientific knowledge. It also created empiric knowledge. Police reality is truely a practice in urban spaces. This reality is found in the agents’ archives. They show the occupation of urban space, its arrangements, the inscription of police signs in the streets and, exceptionally, localised urbanism operations. The main objectives were the security and property of the town. This is why urban history and history of the police are joined within this study.

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