This thesis is a study of the urban sporting culture of Middlesbrough between c.1870 and 1914, a period that witnessed an enormous expansion in participant and spectator sports. It examines the impact of industrialisation and urbanisation on the town’s sporting culture, and explains how its social and economic structures shaped the development of sporting organisations. In light of a population dominated by working class men, the thesis contextualises the growth of recreational football into the town’s most popular sport. Through a detailed examination of local newspapers and archival sources, this thesis reveals the depth and diversity of the town’s sporting culture. In particular, it illustrates the role of the middle classes in the development of clubs and the importance of class and social relations in determining an individual’s access to sport. As a consequence, the thesis will demonstrate both how the town’s working class populace were often excluded from the sporting culture, and the lack of sporting opportunities for women. Clubs were given further importance by the involvement of members of Middlesbrough’s elite, and allows for an exploration of the notion of elite withdrawal. The role played by employers in providing leisure opportunities for workers in the early twentieth century was also one of the most important developments in Middlesbrough’s sporting culture. Amateurism is also explored through the initial rejection of professional football, but the thesis will illustrate the increased popularity of the professional game during this period. In addition, in view of Middlesbrough’s migrant population, the extent of football’s role in forming and reinforcing identities will be examined. This thesis offers an original contribution to knowledge by examining the largely unexplored social and cultural history of Middlesbrough and the leisure habits of its people, as well as adding to existing studies of urban sport.

This thesis discusses the history of physical education and sport in the city of Camp from the time after the second world war to the present day. The work will be divided into chapters, where each sport will be paid to attention. Split is also the significant stages of our history (the period after the second world war until the year 1968, since 1968 until 1989 and the last stage since 1989 to the present). The most common stage was since 1968 until 1989, where the greatest successes in the sport in the camp. Historical information is drawn from the materials of the district archives in the camp, also from the scientific library in České Budějovice, chronicles and almanacs of the individual sports sections and also from contemporary periodicals.

Os esforços do presente estudo concentraram-se em compreender as transformações trazidas pelos Jogos Mundiais Universitários ocorridos no ano de 1963 - Universíade de 1963 -, ao associativismo esportivo da cidade de Porto Alegre. Espera-se, com esta pesquisa, trazer mais uma contribuição sobre a relevância dos Jogos Mundiais Universitários para Porto Alegre, elegendo para tal, como foco de análise, as modificações ocorridas na estrutura e no funcionamento dos clubes que sediaram as competições esportivas. Desse modo, aproximar-nos da realidade gerada por tais mudanças significou, nos limites deste estudo, uma incursão sobre as representações que daquelas ocuparam-se em sustentar, fontes impressas de diversas naturezas, a saber: Revista do Globo, Jornal Correio do Povo, livros comemorativos dos clubes esportivos, obras especializadas, boletins, monografias e dissertações. No mesmo passo, este trabalho mobilizou a utilização de um grande acervo de fontes iconográficas que, com seus contornos, operaram igualmente aos textos, como elementos criadores ou reforçadores de representações. Assim sendo, privilegiando a utilização de fontes de diversas naturezas, bem como tecendo essa movimentação no enfoque que transcorre do macro ao micro, ressaltando o segundo ao primeiro, assumimos características teórico-metodológicas que alocam nosso estudo nas dimensões da História Cultural. Evidenciou-se que após a realização da Universíade de 1963, há indícios que não houve continuidade em algumas ações desencadeadas em razão do evento. Esse quadro de abandonos se intensifica quando direcionamos o olhar à elaboração de políticas públicas para a difusão das práticas esportivas na cidade. / The efforts of the present study had been concentrated in understanding the transformations brought from University World-wide Games occurred on the 1963 year, the Universíade of 1963, for the sporting scene of Porto Alegre, city headquarters of the event. One expects, with this research, to bring plus contribution about University World-wide Games relevance to Porto Alegre, choosing for such, as focus of analysis, the occured modifications in the structure and the functioning of the main sporting clubs of the time. In this manner, to approach us of the reality generated for such changes meant, in the limits of this study, an incursion on the representations that of those had occupied in supporting, sources printed of diverse natures, namely: magazines, periodicals, commemorative books of the esportivs clubs, specialized workmanships, registers, bulletins, monographs, dissertations and theses, amongst which, the Magazine of the Globe and the Periodical Post office of the People constitute privileged points of support. In the same step, this work mobilized the use of a great quantity of iconographic sources that, with its contours, had operated equally to the texts, as creative or stiffener elements of representations. Thus being, privileging the use of sources of diverse natures, as well as weaveeing this movement in the approach that transcorre of the macro to the micron, standing out according to the first one, we assume characteristics theoretician-methodologicals that place our study in the dimensions of Cultural History. After the 1963 University World-wide Games realization, the clue found through this research points that some actions developed during the event didn't have continuation. This picture of abandon gets more intense when we put our look to the sports practicing public political elaboration in the city.

Os esforços do presente estudo concentraram-se em compreender as transformações trazidas pelos Jogos Mundiais Universitários ocorridos no ano de 1963 - Universíade de 1963 -, ao associativismo esportivo da cidade de Porto Alegre. Espera-se, com esta pesquisa, trazer mais uma contribuição sobre a relevância dos Jogos Mundiais Universitários para Porto Alegre, elegendo para tal, como foco de análise, as modificações ocorridas na estrutura e no funcionamento dos clubes que sediaram as competições esportivas. Desse modo, aproximar-nos da realidade gerada por tais mudanças significou, nos limites deste estudo, uma incursão sobre as representações que daquelas ocuparam-se em sustentar, fontes impressas de diversas naturezas, a saber: Revista do Globo, Jornal Correio do Povo, livros comemorativos dos clubes esportivos, obras especializadas, boletins, monografias e dissertações. No mesmo passo, este trabalho mobilizou a utilização de um grande acervo de fontes iconográficas que, com seus contornos, operaram igualmente aos textos, como elementos criadores ou reforçadores de representações. Assim sendo, privilegiando a utilização de fontes de diversas naturezas, bem como tecendo essa movimentação no enfoque que transcorre do macro ao micro, ressaltando o segundo ao primeiro, assumimos características teórico-metodológicas que alocam nosso estudo nas dimensões da História Cultural. Evidenciou-se que após a realização da Universíade de 1963, há indícios que não houve continuidade em algumas ações desencadeadas em razão do evento. Esse quadro de abandonos se intensifica quando direcionamos o olhar à elaboração de políticas públicas para a difusão das práticas esportivas na cidade. / The efforts of the present study had been concentrated in understanding the transformations brought from University World-wide Games occurred on the 1963 year, the Universíade of 1963, for the sporting scene of Porto Alegre, city headquarters of the event. One expects, with this research, to bring plus contribution about University World-wide Games relevance to Porto Alegre, choosing for such, as focus of analysis, the occured modifications in the structure and the functioning of the main sporting clubs of the time. In this manner, to approach us of the reality generated for such changes meant, in the limits of this study, an incursion on the representations that of those had occupied in supporting, sources printed of diverse natures, namely: magazines, periodicals, commemorative books of the esportivs clubs, specialized workmanships, registers, bulletins, monographs, dissertations and theses, amongst which, the Magazine of the Globe and the Periodical Post office of the People constitute privileged points of support. In the same step, this work mobilized the use of a great quantity of iconographic sources that, with its contours, had operated equally to the texts, as creative or stiffener elements of representations. Thus being, privileging the use of sources of diverse natures, as well as weaveeing this movement in the approach that transcorre of the macro to the micron, standing out according to the first one, we assume characteristics theoretician-methodologicals that place our study in the dimensions of Cultural History. After the 1963 University World-wide Games realization, the clue found through this research points that some actions developed during the event didn't have continuation. This picture of abandon gets more intense when we put our look to the sports practicing public political elaboration in the city.

Os esforços do presente estudo concentraram-se em compreender as transformações trazidas pelos Jogos Mundiais Universitários ocorridos no ano de 1963 - Universíade de 1963 -, ao associativismo esportivo da cidade de Porto Alegre. Espera-se, com esta pesquisa, trazer mais uma contribuição sobre a relevância dos Jogos Mundiais Universitários para Porto Alegre, elegendo para tal, como foco de análise, as modificações ocorridas na estrutura e no funcionamento dos clubes que sediaram as competições esportivas. Desse modo, aproximar-nos da realidade gerada por tais mudanças significou, nos limites deste estudo, uma incursão sobre as representações que daquelas ocuparam-se em sustentar, fontes impressas de diversas naturezas, a saber: Revista do Globo, Jornal Correio do Povo, livros comemorativos dos clubes esportivos, obras especializadas, boletins, monografias e dissertações. No mesmo passo, este trabalho mobilizou a utilização de um grande acervo de fontes iconográficas que, com seus contornos, operaram igualmente aos textos, como elementos criadores ou reforçadores de representações. Assim sendo, privilegiando a utilização de fontes de diversas naturezas, bem como tecendo essa movimentação no enfoque que transcorre do macro ao micro, ressaltando o segundo ao primeiro, assumimos características teórico-metodológicas que alocam nosso estudo nas dimensões da História Cultural. Evidenciou-se que após a realização da Universíade de 1963, há indícios que não houve continuidade em algumas ações desencadeadas em razão do evento. Esse quadro de abandonos se intensifica quando direcionamos o olhar à elaboração de políticas públicas para a difusão das práticas esportivas na cidade. / The efforts of the present study had been concentrated in understanding the transformations brought from University World-wide Games occurred on the 1963 year, the Universíade of 1963, for the sporting scene of Porto Alegre, city headquarters of the event. One expects, with this research, to bring plus contribution about University World-wide Games relevance to Porto Alegre, choosing for such, as focus of analysis, the occured modifications in the structure and the functioning of the main sporting clubs of the time. In this manner, to approach us of the reality generated for such changes meant, in the limits of this study, an incursion on the representations that of those had occupied in supporting, sources printed of diverse natures, namely: magazines, periodicals, commemorative books of the esportivs clubs, specialized workmanships, registers, bulletins, monographs, dissertations and theses, amongst which, the Magazine of the Globe and the Periodical Post office of the People constitute privileged points of support. In the same step, this work mobilized the use of a great quantity of iconographic sources that, with its contours, had operated equally to the texts, as creative or stiffener elements of representations. Thus being, privileging the use of sources of diverse natures, as well as weaveeing this movement in the approach that transcorre of the macro to the micron, standing out according to the first one, we assume characteristics theoretician-methodologicals that place our study in the dimensions of Cultural History. After the 1963 University World-wide Games realization, the clue found through this research points that some actions developed during the event didn't have continuation. This picture of abandon gets more intense when we put our look to the sports practicing public political elaboration in the city.

Résumé This thesis is focused on the Czech environment neglected history of sport, specific sporty branch - races F1. Thesis is concentrated on the years 1970-1994 because there are two important milestones in the history of F1 racing - the title of world champion in memoriam of Jochen Rindt 1970 and death of Ayrton Senna at Grand Prix San Marino at Imola 1994. Thesis will be looking the answer to the questions why this sport gained in researching period rising popularity, what was F1 social and economic relevance, how did formula 1 help to the further technological development of automotive, why it began to professionalize, what reasons and in which countries began F1 expand. Individual world champions will not miss out, especially Niki Lauda, James Hunt, Alain Prost and Ayrton Senna and other important personalities at whose fates will be the history of F1 in researching period also watch.

Submitted thesis tries to grasp philosophically the phenomenon of sport. Attention is devoted to its historical roots, etymology, original meaning and early forms. Also, the relationship between traditional and modern sport is introduced. With respect to distant and recent past the author identifies two fundamental features of sport, which are game together with play and physical movement. Both features are elaborated in detail and captured philosophically. The focus of this thesis is put on sport with its formal aspects as well as on a sporting athlete. The author then presents a discussion regarding the definition of sport and his own position with respect to this topic. This text also deals with the role of sport in human life. The thesis offers reader an opportunity to become acquainted in detail with sport and its philosophical dimension.

The heart of this thesis consists of life stories narrated by former as well as current sports journalists and it focuses on sports journalism as a profession in political and social contexts. The first part gives an example of theories which deconstruct the myth of sport as an apolitical phenomenon. The second part reconstructs the history of public appearances of sport by examining attitudes, values and desires of interviewees. Using the snowball sampling technique -- recruitment of future subjects from among their acquaintances -- the researcher processes memories of eight interviewees whose information is classified into four main topics. Those include answers to under what conditions interviewees made a decision on their occupation, which sports they were concerned with, what reputation those sports had, what constraints they faced in their job, and what other unexpected roles their profession implies. As a whole, this text describe sports journalism as sine qua non for an outset of the tendency which began to grow during the 1950s in Czechoslovakia -- the attraction extending beyond the leisure activity and the top level sport gaining in popularity.

& KEYWORDS The topic of this thesis is a metatextual analysis of representative Chinese publications about sport published in the post-Olympic era. Together they offer a comprehensive perspective of the sport in China. The thesis employs critical approach to examine Chinese perception of their own history, Chinese motivation to develop competitive sports, the state- run sports system in China, as well as various problems and challenges lying ahead of Chinese sport, ready to be tackled. Part of the thesis offers an analysis of linguistic and ideological aspect of the Chinese publications. The thesis also encounters the topic of the rise of China (i.e. People's Republic of China) and offers brief explanations in relation to the main topic rather than in a broader context. Keywords: modern history of China, history of sport, sport in China, competitive sports, state-run sports system, language & ideology, Marxism, People's Republic of China