The aim of this thesis was to compare the use of two hormonal preparations for the preparation of dairy cows to be inseminated, considering the matter of success, as well as the matter of the economy. The observation took place in the Agricultural cooperative Chodeč. 83 pcs of heifer were observed under the application of Ovsynch and 294 pieces of heifer were tested for Estrofan. The reference period was March 2013 - March 2014. Parameters were evaluated according to individual lactation. The milk yield (kg) of individual lactation was main parameter of milk performance. Fertility was indicated by these parameters: the length of the service period (days), insemination interval (days) and the insemination index.

The main aim of the diploma work is to evaluation the reproduction level and the milk performance level of the concrete herd of cattle Holstein breed. The evaluation took place in family farm of Vladimír Pešta. The farm manages 73 hectares of soil and keeps 40 cows with closed herd turnover. Collection of input data took place in the years 2004 - 2007. There were monitored basic indicators of milk performance, indicators of reproduction and the development of body condition score (BCS) during the lactation period. The increasing milk production of the groups with performance to 7000 kg, 7000 {--} 8000 kg and over 8000 kg of milk affected negatively indicators of reproduction and there were the statistically demonstrable differences between groups. The duration of service period (SP) of groups by performance was 154, 165 and 175 days. Order of lactation period had no effect on reproduction. The milk production was by 1st lactation period 6 909 kg, by 2nd lactation period 8 435 kg and by 3rd lactation period 7 894 kg. There was the higher milk production by the dairy cows, which were calved in spring and in autumn, and it was 7 822kg and 7 898 kg. The dairy cows, which were calved in winter and in summer, had the performance lower by 400 kg. There were reached the better reproduction results by the dairy cows calved in winter and in spring, SP 164 and 153 days. The dairy cows calved in summer and in autumn had SP 174 and 182 days. The differences between the groups by season of year were not statistically demonstrable, neither at reproduction nor at milk production. The size of body framework of cattle had no effect on the milk production. The average value of body condition score on the beginning of lactation period was 3.59 points. The value of BCS was decreasing until 6th month of lactation period on 2.43 points. In the next months the BCS was slowly improving. The values of BCS oscillated during different phases of lactation period in range of 2 points. In the days of gestation the value of BCS was 2.65 points. The rate of the milk component fat/protein was on the beginning of lactation period 1.75, until 4th month of lactation period decreased on 1.35 and in the next months the rate was oscillated between 1.3 and 1.4. The average age by first calving was 834 days (27.4 months). By increasing age by first calving the subsequent performance sloped down. But this relationship was not statistically demonstrable. The average tallness in the small of the back amounted by cows, which are calving for the first time, to 149.8 cm. The attained milk performance was satisfactory. The reproduction results were less favourableness. From recognized relationships we can draw conclusions, that on the production and reproduction of the monitored herd the breeding conditions, the nutrition, the health state and the herd management have an mainly influence. By improvement of these factors we can achieve the better reproduction results. The influences like the season of year or the body framework of cattle are not too important.

The efficiency of utilization of dietary nitrogen can be monitored using milk urea nitrogen (MUN). Overfeeding or underfeeding of protein can be identified through the observation of deviations from target MUN concentrations. This will assist in lowering feed costs of dairy farms, and improving nutrition management of herds. Higher efficiency of utilization of dietary nitrogen might result in a reduction in environmental pollution. Non-genetic factors affecting variation in MUN were herd-test-day (HTD), lactation stage and year of calving. The contribution of HTD was the highest, ranging from 58.56% to 63.18% in parity 1 to 3. Lactation stage had the second largest contribution to the MUN variation. Differences in least squares means for MUN in various years of calving were observed. The heritability estimate for MUN was 0.09±0.01 in the first parity, and remained constant at 0.11±0.01 in the second and third parity. Heritability estimates for milk, fat and protein yield ranged from 0.40±0.01 to 0.43±0.01, 0.21±0.01 to 0.26±0.01, and 0.32±0.01 to 0.38±0.01, respectively. These estimates were within acceptable ranges for South African Holstein cattle. Genetic correlations between MUN and milk production traits were low and positive, ranging from 0.01±0.003 to 0.10±0.004 across parities. Phenotypic correlations ranged from 0.02±0.11 to 0.16±0.07, being generally higher than the genetic correlations. The positive associations between MUN and milk production traits are undesirable as the dairy cows would be less efficient in utilizing dietary protein and may result in increased environmental pollution. The genetic trend for MUN was 0.44, 0.007 and 0.049 mg/dl in the first, second and third parity, respectively. Results of the current study indicate that MUN has potential as a management tool in South African Holstein dairy herds. It might be a good indicator of the efficiency of dietary protein utilization of dairy herds, and has practical advantage as it is currently collected by the national dairy herd recording and improvement scheme. / Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

The content of this thesis is focused on the performance evaluation of the DeLaval milking robot in the selected stable. For this work was chosen the family farm stable of Mr. Šítal in the village Mojné. Selected parameters of milking robotic were monitored from 19.9.2018 to 18.3.2019 and on the base of these parameters was evaluated efficiency of the equipment. In this time were followed numbers of milked cows per 24 hours, the average numbers of milking on one cow, the average milking time and daily milk utility. In the selected stable were in a half-year time milked averagely 44 cows with frequency 2,62 utilizations the milking robot per day. The milking took averagely 7 minutes and 40 seconds. Milking utilization was 30,70 liters on one cow per day and total milk herd was 1353,01 liters of milk per day.

Os primeiros 30 dias pós-nascimento do bezerro, chamado período neonatal, é caracterizado por grande desenvolvimento imunológico. O sistema imune começa a se desenvolver ainda no início da gestação, porém, após o nascimento, mesmo que morfologicamente desenvolvido, não se apresenta totalmente funcional pela ausência de estímulos antigênicos. Ademais as particularidades anatômicas e fisiológicas da placentação dos bovinos são um impediente à transferência de imunidade durante a gestação, assim sendo o feto se desenvolve sem a influência das imunoglobulinas maternas, ficando altamente dependente ao início da vida extrauterina da transferência de imunidade passiva via colostro. As características do sistema imune do bezerro em seu período neonatal fazem com que este seja muito susceptível a doenças. Conhecer o comportamento imunitário dos bezerros recém-nascidos pode auxiliar a diminuir a incidência de doenças e o custo desse animal, além de aumentar o seu bem-estar. Deste modo, buscou-se avaliar o padrão de resposta imunitária do neonato nos primeiros 30 dias de vida, por meio de avaliações: da atividade fagocítica e do metabolismo oxidativo de neutrófilos circulantes e imunoenotipagem de linfócitos T (CD3+) e suas subpopulações (CD4+) e CD8+)) por citometria de fluxo e a expressão gênica das citocinas IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 e IFN-ϒ por PCR em Tempo Real. O exame físico, o hemograma e avaliação de transferência de imunidade passiva foram considerados como critério de inclusão para garantir a sanidade dos animais durante o período experimental. Com base nos resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa para pode se concluir que: a atividade de fagocitose dos granulócitos foi constante nos 30 dias avaliados; a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio por granulócitos foi observada nos ensaios basal e estimulado; e com comportamento semelhante, apresentando os dois ensaios, maiores porcentagens nos dias 1, 25 e 30 p.n.; os linfócitos CD3+) e suas subpopulações:CD4+), CD8+), estes apresentaram porcentagens semelhantes àquelas encontradas nos bovinos adultos; e a relação CD4+) /CD8+) aumentou aos 30 dias de vida, pelo aumento de CD4+). Não foi possível mensurar a expressão gênica das citocinas IL-4 e IFN-ϒ em nenhum dos momentos avaliados; no entanto, foi verificada a expressão gênica de citocinas IL-10 e IL-12, com uma inclinação para o perfil Th2 induzido pela expressão mais frequente de IL-10, observando-se influência da expressão gênica das citocinas IL-10 e IL-12 no leucograma, na atividade dos granulócitos, e nas subpopulações de linfócitos T. / The first 30 days post-birth of the calf, called the neonatal period, is characterized by large immunological development. The immune system begins to develop even at the beginning of gestation, but after birth, even if morphologically developed, it is not fully functional due to the absence of antigenic stimuli. In addition, the anatomical and physiological characteristics of bovine placentation are an impediment to the transfer of immunity during gestation, so the fetus develops without the influence of maternal immunoglobulins, being highly dependent at the beginning of the extrauterine life of the transference of passive immunity via colostrum. The characteristics of the immune system of the calf in its neonatal period make it very susceptible to diseases. Knowing the immune behavior of newborn calves can help reduce the incidence of diseases and the cost of this animal, and increase their well-being. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune response pattern of the neonate in the first 30 days of life through evaluations of phagocytic activity and oxidative metabolism of circulating neutrophils and T lymphocyte (CD3 +) immuno-typing and its subpopulations (CD4 + and CD8 +) by flow cytometry and the gene expression of the IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-ϒ cytokines by Real-Time PCR. Physical examination, blood count and passive immunity assessment were considered as inclusion criteria to guarantee the health of the animals during the experimental period. Based on the results obtained in this research it can be concluded that: granulocyte phagocytosis activity was constant in the 30 days evaluated; the production of reactive oxygen species by granulocytes was observed in the basal and stimulated assays; and with similar behavior, presenting the two trials, highest percentages on days 1, 25 and 30 p.n .; the CD3 + lymphocytes and their subpopulations: CD4 +, CD8 +, these presented percentages similar to those found in adult bovines; and the CD4 + / CD8 + ratio increased at 30 days of life, due to the increase in CD4 +. It was not possible to measure the gene expression of IL-4 and IFN-ϒ cytokines in any of the evaluated moments; However, IL-10 and IL-12 cytokine gene expression was observed, with an inclination to the Th2 profile induced by the more frequent expression of IL-10, with the influence of the gene expression of the cytokines IL-10 and IL- 12 on leukogram, granulocyte activity, and T lymphocyte subpopulations.

The aim of thesis was to conduct evaluation of milk yield and fertility indicators of Czech Flecvieh cattle and Holstein cattle breed which were kept in chosen agriculture company and to determinate a possible difference of milk production costs between individual productive types of the cattle. Data used to create this thesis was from agriculture company STAGRA, spol. s r.o. which breeds dairy cattle. According to specified thesis goals dairy performance indicators (kilograms of milk, % and kg of fat, % and kg of proteins) and fertility indicators (first calving age, calving interval duration) were assessed separately in Heřmaneč cowshed (H2 Holstein cows, 210 pcs.) and Skrýchov cowshed (H1 Holstein cows, 24 pcs. And C1 Czech Fleckvieh cows, 59 pcs.). Milk performance and fertility indicators were evaluated for control year 2014/2015. Cost items of dairy cattle breeding were obtained from accouting of the calendar year 2014. Due to operational reasons only two cowsheds were observed Heřmaneč with Holstein breed (H2) husbandry and Skrýchov were Czech Fleckvieh cows (C1) were dominant. Data files were processed by relevant statistical methods. It was found that H2 group dairy cows reached the highest milk yield (10 395.17 kg) with average calving interval of 369 days. On the other hand Czech Fleckvieh cows reached the highest protein (3.64 %) and fat (4.16 %) content in milk. H1 group dairy cows reached lowest calving age (25 month and 18 days). The milk production cost comparison within observed productive types showed that costs per 1 l of milk were higher in the Skrýchov cowshed, on the contrary feeding day costs were higher in Heřmaneč cowshed.

The aim of this thesis was to analyze milk yield and fertility in dairy cattle herds ? combined (Czech Pied cattle) and dojného utility type (Holstein cattle ) in the same breeding system. Further culling was evaluated, the cost of feeding a day and milk production. Observations were carried out in the company Podhoran Černíkov, as in the time sequence of zootechnical 2 years (1st 10th 2009 - 30 9th 2011). By tracking a total of 310 cows of which 47 cows of Czech Pied cattle C1 (C 100 %), breeding hybrids participation of Czech Fleckvieh with Holstein and Red Holstein breed C2 (C 75 ? 88 %) 53 pieces and C3 (C 50 to 74 %) 38 pieces, the cows of Holstein breed H1 (H 100 % ) 158 pieces, the unit crosses with Czech Holstein cattle piebald H3 (H 75 ? 87 %) 10 pieces, and H4 (H 60 ? 74 %) 4 pcs. Furthermore, the basic data set is divided according to genotype into two groups: 138 pieces of Czech Fleckvieh cows and 172 cows of Holstein breed pc. When evaluating the performance files were still divided into two in order of lactation on the first, second and more. Viewed indicators for evaluation of milk production were: number of lactation, lactation length (days), the amount of milk (kg), fat content (%), production of milk fat (kg), protein content in milk (%), production of proteins in milk (kg), lactose content in milk (%). The fertility parameters were observed: genotype, age at first calving (days), insemination interval (days), service period (days) and interval (days). Further culling was still considered, the cost of feed per day (CZK) and the cost of 1 liter of milk (CZK). When combined, mixed breed (Czech Pied cattle) and utility type (Holstein cattle) is necessary for herd management to allow for different feed consumption. Commercial breeding of different types in a joint breeding achieve different levels of performance for the benefit performance of Holstein cattle. Higher productivity of breeding Holstein cattle fertility and deteriorating indicators since these must be spend more time in searching for the rut to ensure reproduction of the desired level. A lower yield reaching Czech Fleckvieh breeding in specific terms the average results. Due to the achieved performance for both types of utility can say good job in management.

The observation of cattle breeding before and after monitoring resuets of stable technology from stanchion housing to free box housing with bedding was procceded from 2003 to 2006 in agricultural cooperative Netřebice. There were observed 169 dairy cows, 120 pieces of Holstein and 49 pieces of Czech Pied cattle. The influence of technology change was specified on the basis of milk testing and fertility results. Milk performance in free box housing system reached higher level than in stanchion housing. Reproduction parameters reached mostly better figures in the free box housing.

The aim of thesis was to analyze the milk efficiency and fertility of dairy cows of Holstein cattle breeding under intensive conditions. The examinations were made in the agricultural company ZDV Krchleby, a.s. during the year of 2007 to 2009. In total, 147 dairy cows were used for observation including 35 Holstein dairy cows (100% H, R 100%), in a group called - H1, 70 Holstein cows crossed with Czech spotted cattle (H 75 - 87%, R 75 - 87%) in group - H3 and 42 Holstein cows crossed with Czech spotted cattle (H 50 - 74%, R 50 - 74%), in group - H4. Furthermore, the basic data set was divided according to lactation into four groups: 1st lactation, 2nd lactations, 3rd lactations, 4th and more lactations. The main indicators for evaluation of the milk efficiency were the: milk quantity (kg), amount of fat in the milk (%), production of the fat in the milk (kg), amount of protein in the milk (%), production of protein in the milk (kg), content of lactose in the milk (%), persistency of lactation and lactation duration (in days). In terms of fertility, the following factors were evaluated: the cow?s age at first birth (in days), insemination interval (in days), service period (in days) and the periods between births (in days). The cows in the first group milked on average of 8945.03 kg of milk, the amount of fat was 3.66%, the content of protein was 3.32%. Cows in the second group milked an average amount of 8186.55 kg of milk, the content of fat was 3.77%, the amount of protein was 3.33%. The third group milked an average amount of the milk 8649.05 kg, the content of fat was 3.58% and the amount of protein was 3.26%. Differences between these groups were not statistically significant. From the reproductive indicators, statistically, the only most significant difference was the time in between births. The longest period in between births was measured in the first group - 576.22 days, in the second group - 487.38 days and in the third group - 480.95 days.

The aim of the thesis was to evaluate fertility and milk performance in dairy cows, predominantly Holstein cattle, due to technology used in the view of welfare animals. Monitoring was carried out on the farm AGROSPOL, Malý Bor a.s. from 2008 to 2010. Dairy cows were kept in the same technological conditions, with the same level of nutrition and treatment. Monitoring included 662 dairy cows of Bohemian Spotted Cattle (C), Holstein cattle (H1) and high proportion of crossbreeds of these cows (H2). Fertility was evaluated due to indicators of reproduction (first calving age, insemination interval, service period, interim) and in terms of milk performance there were measured indicators of milk production (lactation length, milk production, protein production, fat content, protein and lactose content). Statistically, significant differences were found in the length of insemination interval, service period length (P ? 0,01) and interim length (P ? 0,05). Dairy cows (C) reached markedly shorter period of the following indicators: insemination interval 70,6 days, service period 98,6 days and interim 395,9 days. There was not found a significant difference in length of these indicators among the groups of Holstein dairy cows. Lactation order did not influence the length of reproduction indicators. The influence of bull-father in terms of reproductive indicators was not proved. Comparison of milk production and protein production in dairy cows due to lactation order proved that cows in the first lactation had a lower yield of milk (8737,1 kg) than dairy cows in the following lactations (9669,3 ? 10209,3 kg), as well as protein production (kg). Dairy cows ?C? gave 9115,3 kg of milk in 305 days, dairy cows ?H1? 9664,1 kg and cows ?H2? 9511,0 kg of milk. These differences were not evaluated as statistically conclusive, as well as differences in content of milk elements among genotypes in fixed lactation norms. The influence of the individuality of a bull in milk and protein production was not proved. Significant differences were found in percentage of fat content (P ? 0,05), protein and lactose content (P ? 0,01) in milk of cow-daughters after particular bulls.