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Är vi lika dem? : en kraniestudie av hominider ur ett evolutionistiskt perspektiv / Do we look like them? : a studie of craniums from hominids in an evolutionary perspectiveKarlsson, Jennie January 2008 (has links)
<p>By examine plastic craniums from eight different hominids I wanted to find morfological characteristics that agreed with those of modern humans. The species that were selected had a plastic casting of its cranium in the laboratory at Gotland University. My focus was on species from the family <em>Australopithecius </em>and <em>Homo </em>and only working with their craniums. And this because the cranium and the theeth shows the most visible morfological characteristics between the different hominids. I also wanted,in a small part of the essay, to write about the differences in now living primates and humans skulls.</p><p>Except from analysing the plastic castings I also studied surveys written by other scientist on the same subject. And in that chapter write as much about the whole skeleton as possible, eventhough that was not my main field, but I wanted to give the readers an overview of the species before the analysis took place.</p><p>The most visible morfological characteristics is shown in the theeth because the diet changed during the million years that the evolution took place. It is possible to see the development in <em>Foramen magnum </em>too, the hole at the base of the skull were the vertebrate connects with the cranium. This hole gets more central over time showing that the species got more biped and started to walk upright on two legs just like humans do today. There are of course many more characteristics that are able to be seen that seperates us from the extinct hominids, but many of them are the same. If you look closely at the different craniums you can see how the fantastic evolution formed humans out of apes.</p><p>It has to be mentioned that the scientist have many different theoris about the evolution, the species and who are the real ancestors to humans and I think the disagreement will continue for many years to come.</p>
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Är vi lika dem? : en kraniestudie av hominider ur ett evolutionistiskt perspektiv / Do we look like them? : a studie of craniums from hominids in an evolutionary perspectiveKarlsson, Jennie January 2008 (has links)
By examine plastic craniums from eight different hominids I wanted to find morfological characteristics that agreed with those of modern humans. The species that were selected had a plastic casting of its cranium in the laboratory at Gotland University. My focus was on species from the family Australopithecius and Homo and only working with their craniums. And this because the cranium and the theeth shows the most visible morfological characteristics between the different hominids. I also wanted,in a small part of the essay, to write about the differences in now living primates and humans skulls. Except from analysing the plastic castings I also studied surveys written by other scientist on the same subject. And in that chapter write as much about the whole skeleton as possible, eventhough that was not my main field, but I wanted to give the readers an overview of the species before the analysis took place. The most visible morfological characteristics is shown in the theeth because the diet changed during the million years that the evolution took place. It is possible to see the development in Foramen magnum too, the hole at the base of the skull were the vertebrate connects with the cranium. This hole gets more central over time showing that the species got more biped and started to walk upright on two legs just like humans do today. There are of course many more characteristics that are able to be seen that seperates us from the extinct hominids, but many of them are the same. If you look closely at the different craniums you can see how the fantastic evolution formed humans out of apes. It has to be mentioned that the scientist have many different theoris about the evolution, the species and who are the real ancestors to humans and I think the disagreement will continue for many years to come.
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Establishing incidences of dental calculus and associated plant microfossils on South African plio-pleistocene hominin dentitionOdes, Edward John 08 January 2014 (has links)
A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.
Johannesburg, 2013. / Recent studies of the dental remains from Malapa, a fossil-bearing karstic cave-site located in the Cradle of Humankind (Berger et al., 2010), have demonstrated the presence of dental calculus and associated plant material in the form of phytoliths, preserved on the teeth of Australopithecus sediba (MH1) (Henry et al., 2012). This discovery raised the probability that dental calculus and plant microremains may also be present on hominin material from other cave sites in southern Africa, where fossils are preserved under similar conditions. The aim of this study was to establish the presence of dental calculus and associated microfossils on the teeth of other southern African Plio-Pleistocene early hominins. The dental collection of the Plio-Pleistocene age hominin site of Sterkfontein was examined. Where fossils were observed with adherent material, several analyses were performed to determine whether this material was calculus or not. Where possible, comparisons with the texture of the sediment matrix surrounding the fossil were conducted. Small quantities of this material were removed and observed microscopically to determine if it included food particulates and microfossils. In these cases, we also looked for microfossils in the surrounding matrix as a control. Phytoliths were recovered from all tooth sample material tested. The establishment of phytoliths in the dental calculus is direct evidence that these two structures existed simultaneously, as the formation of calculus can only take place in the presence of saliva. A large number of phytolith morphotypes further indicated that A.africanus had an adaptable and diverse diet, and that monocotyledons and dicotyledons appear to have made up a considerable part of their diet. The results from this study will benefit future analyses, by not only providing new protocols for establishing the presence of dental calculus, but also for promoting better preservation of dental calculus in the future. Further, future studies may be able to obtain direct evidence of consumed food that can directly be associated with individual hominins’ feeding behaviours. This could result in significant clues to the diet and
ecology of not only individual hominins, but populations, species and comparisons of diet and behaviour between species and genera.
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An Australopithecus afarensis Infant First Metatarsal from Hadar, EthiopiaHillenbrand, Heather A. 23 April 2009 (has links)
No description available.
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Functional morphology of the hominoid shoulder, past and presentBerger, Lee Rogers 18 July 2016 (has links)
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg 1994. / This thesis presents an :investigation into the
functional morphology and form of the skeletal
elements of" the shoulder girdle of extant h0111inoids
and extinct hO)ll.inids\~hich inhabited the Afr:i.c~n
continent during the Late pliocene and Elarly \Ii Ii \Ii,
ill Partic'l.l.lcu: emphasis is placed o\~\the \' i\.
form of the scapula, clavicle and humerus. \Ii
variation in the bony, arthrological and 41.yoloQif\;Lcal
I" anatomy' Of this region in extant hominoids is I
Pleistocene.
examined. In light of biomechaniq~l models
II
reSUlting from this work, the bony,;anatomy of u
hominid shoulder girdle elements examined and
i.
.1
r;:I~t>. ssil .1,1 .
"
biomechanical interpretations are made.
The fossil shoulder girdle elements exan\ine~ in
this study are grouped into four species samples.
The first sample (Australopithecus a.:friCaIlUS)
comprises Pliocene ,fossils from sterkfontein, South
Africa. 'rhe second sampJ.e (A. afarelJ.si.s) i.s
comprised of fossilo front Hadar, Ethiopia. The
third (Homo habilis) and, fourth (ii. boisei) samples
comprise fossils from C'lduvai GorgeI Ta:nzania,
Koobi For~ll, Ke!nya and t.ne omo Valley ~ Ethiopia.
When the t!;ossil homi.ndd. remains are scrt.ed into
specf.ea, jl~heI:;houlder g;l.rdle elements InelYd:>e used to
const.zuct; and contrast specd.es specijSiq '1· . )
bitOmechar1,ic::aml odelS of th~ shoulder. Th~~se
models e:>fltP10re differernoes in form amon~,r.;tj;ossil
hominid. species that may'be reJ,ated to dii.:;eetenc;:.es
in behaviour. The models may also be appU.ed to the :~......,..~
interpretation of systemat.ic relationShips amongst
early hominids.
In o:(.~ierto construct models of early homi:p,ids
it is first necessary to establish the,movement,
myology and oste0logy of the extant hominoid
shoulder. Chapters 4,5 and 6 sUl'l.1Il1ar~n,$eew data and
available in,formation concel:"ning shoulder girdle
mo.Jementand form. Chapter 7 presents detailed
C';escriptiQns Of the fossil hominid ma.terial (u:::::19)
available for study. 'rhis descriptive information,
in conibination with all of the information derived
from Chapters 4 through 6, is then used to
inte1.pret, compaxe and contrast the fu.nctional
morphology Of the shoulder girdle elements of each
species of early hotninid. pa:q:ticuJ.ar emphasis is
placed .on those features that cart be. directly
related to specific :functiOl'l~ Model.s ,,.l the
functional morphology of each of t1Je four species
are then created. comparisons are made between
indJ.vidual Shoulder girdle elements 'cg,fthe different
homj.nid spacd.es as well as between the interpreted
total morphology of each species' shoulder girdle.
The study concludes that the functional
m~>l':phologyof the shoulder girdle Qf A. afriaanus is
unique ~unorJ.gstknown hominoic1~mode'l.s in that it
poasesaes shoul<;ier girdle mo;t,'ph.oo.)gy adapted to bobh
suspen ory behaviour and bipE~d;;d~i.srn. TIte
suspensory adaptations are :Lndi9ated by the overall
ape ..like morphology of the humeri, claviculae and
heCid.of the scapulae, whilst bipedalism is mainly
(J
G indicated. by a broad, human-like inf.Ell:'ior'an9,'].eof "
=
the scapula. Several' RpparentlY prim.itive featu:r:es"
are present in,..the A. africanus Ejcapl,1la,incl~dirtg a
0i,? ..... . _ .. '. \
shortened scapular 'n~ck, that ind:l.Cate'-\poss~ple
ancestry f.roma quadru:pedal form. ~p.e functi<:>tJ.al.
morphology of the A. afarens.ts shoulder is founa .to
be more diffi.cult to interpret d'.le to poor f(i:;
,pre.~ervationt but the hypothesised znodel'~does not
diffe):: substantially from th~t constructed for A.
_c,~) . ..' .', 1) (;
a£ricanus. The few robust aURtra.lopithecine,.,(A.
boi.se:1) sho~~der girdle elements appear to possess ~,..
similar morpJ;lologi.esto A. a.:falyrnsis and )1-
africanus. There ara .no'l:.SUfi:'lc:tently well
preServedoH. habili.s shoulder girdle elements
preserved to 'makemeffilningfulinterpreta.tions about
the functional morphology of this, specie~:'
.' n the lack of comparable elements amongst the two (I
1arger samples (...21.. a:faJ;'ensi.s and ,fl. arr:J;canus) I .it
'..':::/
is not knownwhether the features found to be
apparently unique to either species are useful as
n taxonomic indicators.
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Formal variation in lithic projectile armatures: re-interpreting points from Tabun Cave, IsraelUnknown Date (has links)
Lithic projectile armatures represent a significant innovation over thrusted spears in the subsistence strategies of hominins. Previous researchers have disagreed over the timing of the appearance of projectile weapons in the archaeological record (Brooks 2006; Shea 2006). To discover when projectile technology first appears in the Levant, I have compared tip cross-sectional areas, weights, and tip penetrating angles (three variables useful for discriminating between projectile and thrusting weapons) of pointed Blades, Levallois points, and Mousterian points with analogs from known and suspected chipped stone projectile points. Results indicate that pointed Blades from Tabun and Skhul caves are statistically indistinguishable from other suspected projectile point types. Levallois and Mousterian points from Tabun and Skhul are also statistically indistinguishable from suspected projectile types when the lower halves of the populations are compared. Consequently, I conclude that points from Tabun and Skhul caves fall within the known and suspected range of variation of projectile point morphology. / by David E. Leslie. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2008. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2008. Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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The comparative paleoecology of late Miocene Eurasian hominoidsScott, Robert Smith 28 August 2008 (has links)
Not available / text
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Dating and dietary reconstruction by isotopic analysis of amino acids in fossil bone collagen-with special reference to the CaribbeanKlinken, G. J. van. January 1991 (has links)
Thesis--University of Groningen, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 106-113).
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Experimental archaeology and hominid evolution: establishing a methodology for determining handedness in lithic materials as a proxy for cognitive evolutionUnknown Date (has links)
Human handedness is likely related to brain lateralization and major cognitive innovations in human evolution. Identifying handedness in the archaeological record is,
therefore, an important step in understanding our cognitive evolution. This thesis reports
on experiments in identifying knapper handedness in lithic debitage. I conducted a blind
study on flakes (n=631) from Acheulean handaxes replicated by right- and left-handed
flintknappers. Several flake characteristics significantly indicated handedness, with a
binary logistic regression correctly predicting handedness for 71.7% of the flakes.
However, other characteristics were not associated with handedness. This is a result of
personal knapping styles, as additional analyses show that individual knappers associate
with some attributes better than handedness does. Continued work on these methodologies will enable analysis of Paleolithic assemblages in the future, with the ultimate goal of tracking population-level hominid handedness rates through time and using them as a proxy for cognitive evolution and language acquisition. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection
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Taxon, Site and Temporal Differentiation Using Dental Microwear in the Southern African PapioninsProctor, Darby 24 April 2007 (has links)
The evolutionary history of the South African papionins is a useful analog for the emergence of hominids in South Africa. However, the taxonomic relationships of the papionins are unclear. This study uses low-magnification stereomicroscopy to examine dental microwear and uses the microwear signals to explore the existing classification of these papionins. The results from the species and site level analyses are equivocal. However, the genera and time period results show clear evidence for a dietary change between the extinct and extant forms of Papio and Parapapio. This adds an additional tool for distinguishing these two groups. The dietary changes witnessed in the papionins are likely found in the hominids from the Plio-Pleistocene. Using the papionin analog, hominid dietary evolution may be explored.
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