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Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science in the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand / A stratigraphic and sedimentological study of the Molteno sediments in the vicinity of Aliwal North and Burgersdorp was made in order to determine stratigraphic relationships and sedimentary history. The stratigraphic study shows that the Molteno strata is characterised by a cyclic pattern of deposition as follows: (i) pebble conglomerate overlying an erosional surface of low relief; (2) coarse - to medium- grained sandstone; (3) fine-grained sandstone~siltstone, and silty shale and (4)" shale with thin coal lenseso Three such cycles have been recognised in the Burgersdorp area and a single cycle at Aliwal North. The succession thins northwards from about 500 feet around Burgersdorp to 300 feet at Aliwal North and on the basis of cyclic relationships and sedimentary tectonics it is suggested that the two upper cycles at Aliwal North are missing through erosion or non-deposition and the lower cycle at Burgersdorp is the stratigraphic equivalent of the Aliwal North cycle. The importance of the lower pebble bed arises from the ease with which it can b e recognised and traced throughout the area; moreover, it is tectonically significant and represents a distinct stratigraphic break . As a result the base of the Molteno is redefined in terms of the lower pebble bed. The limitations of the Indwe sandstone as a regional stratigraphic marker are demonstrated. It is also recommended that the Indwe sandstone be more strictly defined in terms of modern stratigraphic nomenclature or dropped completely from the literature . The pattern of sedimentary transport was determined mainly from cross-bedding measurements, though other sedimentary structures such as erosion channels, ripple marks, current lineations, and fossil logs have also been used . These dimentary structures indicate shallow water conditions of deposition with the dominant direction of transport from the south and south east. The sandstones have been classified petrographically as subgreywackes. Metamorphic quartz and metaquartzite rock fragments together with minor amounts of feldspar are important constituents. Excluding micas the heavy mineral suite is simple and consists of garnet, zircon, tourmaline and rutile . The Molteno sediments wer e derived chiefly from high- rank metamorphic and granitic source rocks with only neglible contributions from pre - existing sediments . Integration of the stratigraphic and sedimentological evidence shows that the upward-fining cycle of the Molteno was deposited under both upper and lower flow regime conditions. Facies analysis of the cycle suggests that the conglomerate is the result of erosion and deposition in a braided river channel wandering across a flood plain. The overlying sandstone shows all the characteristics of a modern point bar complex. The fine sandstone, siltstone, and silty shale represent a transitional facies deposited mainly from suspension in the quiet parts of the channel or in abandoned channels during low water. If the sandstone facies represents channel deposits then the shale and coal facies probably records overbank deposits from flood waters in the quiet backswamp areas of the flood plain. The environment was probably permanently inundated by water of such a depth as to allow for the growth of plants and the formation of peat swamps. The key to cyclic repetition appears to be related to sedimentary tectonics and diastrophic movement associated with the second phase of the Cape Orogeny. In terms of sedimentary tectonics, and the classification scheme of Krumbein and Sloss (1963), the lithologic association of the Molteno sediments probably represents unstable shelf or interior basin conditions . / AC 2018

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A variety of factors have been shown to be associated with environmental attitudes but few studies demonstrate a link between these factors and pro-environmental behaviors. This study examined how a future temporal perspective, environmental altruism, and hope are related to (1) engaging in pro-environmental behaviors and (2) length of time engaging in pro-environmental behaviors. Participants completed the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999), a measure of pro-environmental behaviors based on altruistic reasoning, the Trait Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1991), and a self-report measure which requested that participants estimate how long they have engaged in pro-environmental behaviors. Statistical analyses supported the relationship between altruism and pro-environmental behaviors, however, the role of hope and a future orientation were not supported as potential motivators associated with engaging in pro-environmental behaviors. Altruism continues to be associated with engaging in pro-environmental behaviors, however, it is still unclear what moderates this relationship. Moreover, this research highlights the likelihood that engaging in pro-environmental behaviors is influenced by a complex web of motivating factors.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 1989. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Ceres Syntaxis comprises that part of the Cape Fold Belt Syntaxis that lies north of the Worcester Fault. Most of the area consists of folded Cape Supergroup (primarily Witteberg Group) rocks. Fold styles of all fold trends are essentially the same. However, different multilayer rheologies led to the development of either sinusoidal or kink-like fold geometries in different parts of the cover sequence. The character of Witteberg sediments led to the development of large megakink folds and peculiar fold zones in this part of the sequence. Fold trends in the Ceres Syntaxis vary between NW-SE, NE-SW and E-W. The southern part of the area is dominated by the NE-SW trend, with the NW-SE trend being only important in the west. Interference between these two trends only exists in the Witteberg Group, where it occurs as crossing linear fold zones and conjugate, intersecting kink folds . Cross-folding relationships in the north-eastern part of the Ceres Syntaxis indicate that the area had been affected by two contemporaneous, orthogonally opposed compressions that worked simultaneously in different parts of the multilayer. Differences in the magnitude of strain, or in the local timing of fold initiation, produced local refolding or transecting relationships. The microfabric of Witteberg sandstones suggests deformation under conditions of low temperature and pressure, as well as low strain rates. Some microfabrics also indicate that substantial buckle shortening occurred while the Middle and Upper Witteberg beds were still unlithified. Isotopic dating of Cedarberg shale from both main trends did not yield unequivocal results, mainly due to the deformatio~al intensity. The positioning of the Cape low Fold Belt Syntaxis was strongly influenced by basement tectonic grain and basin floor relief. The NW and NE fold trends formed on a heterogeneous basement that resolved the stress configuration into components which external . acted simultaneously towards the north-west and north-east. Ecca and Beaufort Group sedimentation patterns in the western Karoo corroborate the above findings. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Ceres-sintaks beslaan daardie deel van die sintaks van die Kaapse Plooigordel wat noord van die Worcesterverskuiwing Ie. Die gebied bestaan grotendeels uit geplooide gesteentes van die Supergroep Kaap (hoofsaaklik Groep Witteberg). AIle plooirigtings openbaar dieselfde plooistyl. Reologiese verskille in'die rnultilaehet egter gelei tot die ontwikkeling van of sinusoidale ~f knikvorrnigeplooie in verskillende dele van die dekgesteentes. Die Wittebergsedirnente se aard het veroorsaak dat rnegaknikkeen eienaardige plooisones in hierdie deel van die opeenvolging ontstaan het. Plooirigtings in die Ceres-sintaks wissel tussen NW-SO, NO-SW en O-W. Die NO-SW plooirigting oorheers in die suidelike deel van die gebied, terwyl die NW-SO plooirigting eintlik net in. die weste belangrik is. Interferensie van hierdie twee.hoofrigtings korn slegs voor in die Groep Witteberg, waar dit as dwarssnydende lineere plooisones en snydende, konjugerende knikke aanwesig is. Onderlinge verhoudings tussen kruisplooie in die noordoostelike Ceres-sintaks, toon dat die gebied beinvloed is deur twee gelyktydige drukspannings wat reghoekig op rnekaar ingewerk het, sorntyds in effens verskillende dele van die rnultilaag.Verskille in die spanningsbedrag en tydsberekening het lokale herplooiing of dwarssnydende strukture veroorsaak. Die mikrornaaksel van die Wittebergsandsteen toon dat die vervorming onder lae temperatuur- en druktoestande, tesame met 'n lae vervorrningsternpo, plaasgevind het. Die rnaaksel toon ook aan dat heelwat buigplooiing plaasgevind het terwyl die Middel- en Bo-Witteberglae nog ongekonsolideer was. Isotopiese datering van Sederbergskalie afkornstigvan die twee hoofplooirigtings, het weens die lae vervormingsintensiteit swak resultate gelewer. Die posisie van die sintaks van die Kaapse Plooigordel, insluitende die van die Ceres-sintaks, is sterk' belnvioed deur die tektoniese grein en re~i~f van die vloergesteentes. Die heterogene vloer waarop die NW en NO plooie gevorrn het, het daartoe gelei dat die eksterne spanningsopset verdeel is in kornponentewat gelyktydig na die noordweste en noordooste gewerk het. Sedirnentasiepatrone in die Groepe Ecca en Beaufort ondersteun bostaande afleidings.

Cancer has long been a prevalent illness in Hong Kong which caused tremendous stress on patients and their families. This study examined the cognitive process and behavioral efforts which related to cancer patients’ subjective well-being. Three hypotheses were proposed. First, higher internal locus of control over the cause of illness was hypothesized to relate to poorer subjective well-being through maladaptive coping. Second, higher internal locus of control over the course of illness may result in better subjective well-being through adaptive coping. Third, higher levels of hope may relate to better subjective well-being through adaptive coping. Ninety-eight patients with different types of cancers were recruited in this study. The results showed that internal locus of control over the cause of illness was not directly related to subjective well-being. The relationship between internal locus of control over the course of illness and social/family well-being was fully mediated by adaptive cognitive-behavioral coping and social and activity-engagement coping respectively in two separate mediation analyses. The relationship between levels of hope and social/family well-being was partially mediated by social and activity-engagement coping, while levels of hope significantly associated with social/family, emotional, functional and overall well-being. The study findings enhance understanding of close relationship between cognitive process and behavioral efforts in enhancing cancer patients’ adjustment to the illness. / published_or_final_version / Clinical Psychology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

In support of Snyder’s cognitive theory, hope has been found to be a positive factor in psychological adjustment among adult cancer patients and non-cancer paediatric patients with various illnesses. Nonetheless, Snyder’s cognitive theory of hope has not been specifically examined among childhood cancer patients and survivors. Unlike adult cancer patients, childhood cancer patients and survivors are characterized by early onset age in their cancer diagnosis which may mean that they face different psychological and physiological challenges. The identification of positive factors that attenuate negative psychological adjustment outcomes may be crucial in the development of effective therapeutic interventions. Despite that previous studies support the correlation between hope and positive adjustment outcomes, the exact cognitive mechanism that underpins the cognitive theory of hope remains underexplored. Although Snyder postulated that hope is goal-directed thinking which comprises willpower and waypower, he failed to establish any association between hope and rumination. The role of rumination in predicting the onset of mood symptoms and maintaining psychopathology has been well-researched, but it is conceptually meaningful to investigate the potential association between hope and rumination and their respective roles in affecting psychological adjustments in cancer experiences. The current thesis improves on the understanding of relationships between hope, rumination and cancer adjustment, and expands on studies of cancer adjustment by tapping into both positive and negative psychological outcomes, and examines how these two juxtaposed outcomes are associated with hope as mediated by positive and negative ruminations respectively. Eighty-nine childhood cancer survivors from the Children’s Cancer Foundation in Hong Kong took part in questionnaires that measured their levels of hope, rumination, mood symptoms and self-perceived positive changes or post-traumatic growth (PTG). The findings suggest that hope is negatively correlated with depression and anxiety, which are specifically mediated by negative cancer-related rumination. Hope is also positively correlated with PTG, which is specifically mediated by positive cancer-related rumination. These results provide empirical evidence to support the postulation by Snyder that low hope individuals adjust poorly because they are more likely to have negative rumination. High hope individuals adjust better as they are more likely to engage in positive rumination which is associated with PTG. The overall findings provide a possible explanation for the cognitive mechanism that underlies hope. A supplementary pilot study conducted measuring 20 childhood cancer patients’ hope level and mood symptoms over a period of nine months post-acute treatment also suggests patients have fewer prospective depressive symptoms have higher hope level in early measurement. The findings of the current thesis have important clinical implications. The understanding of hope and its association with rumination and cancer adjustment may inform the specific development of hope-based therapeutic interventions for childhood cancer patients and survivors, such as the hope-based storybook developed in this study with the aim to increase the hope levels of childhood cancer patients. / published_or_final_version / Clinical Psychology / Doctoral / Doctor of Psychology

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.

In an altering world of work where change is inevitable, and with the vast growth of a technological era unknown to mankind and which leaves the human factor behind, there is an outcry for leaders leading by example. Leaders today have a responsibility towards their followers by leading with their hearts, souls and minds, whilst intrinsically motivating their followers. Spiritual leaders are individuals who live by their values, ethics and attitudes, who intrinsically motivate themselves as well as their followers, whilst instilling a sense of belonging and membership in the organisation. When a leader demonstrates these qualities, it increases the psychological wellbeing, productivity and morale of the employee, adding towards the triple bottom-line of people, planet and profit, whilst at the same time reducing absenteeism. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a spiritual leadership questionnaire in the South African context. A quantitative, random probability sampling survey design was utilised in construction organisations in the Gauteng and Northern Cape Provinces, reaching a sample size of 221 participants. By making use and adapting the Spiritual Leadership Theory Questionnaire, the Spirituality Scale, the Religious Involvement Questionnaire and the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, a biographical questionnaire was used to develop the Spiritual Leadership Questionnaire on a 4-point Likert scale. Participation was completely voluntary. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used to verify whether the constructs measured the latent variable of spiritual leadership, while Structural Equation Modelling with the application on the Mplus program was used to confirm the relationships between the constructs, and to determine the validity and reliability of the latent variables. Acceptable item reliability was found in a three-factor model, namely spirituality, vision/hope/faith, and altruism. The results indicated practical and statistically significant relationships between the latent variable spiritual leadership and the constructs spirituality, vision/hope/faith and altruism. Recommendations followed, as well as indications for future research. / MCom (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014