published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

This dissertation asks how local planners, elected officials and activists have negotiated the recent implementation of inclusionary zoning projects in historically disinvested neighborhoods of New York and the Grand Paris. Instead of focusing on potential issues with the involvement of the private sector in cases of affordable housing provision, I shed the light on the strengths and limitations of the public sector, its land use ideologies and its accountability in terms of affordable housing provision. I look at a policy program that has widely circulated in both countries since the 1970s. Inclusionary zoning was developed as a strategy to leverage market-rate and affordable housing by channeling capital from private real estate developers. It has also always been rooted in a genealogy of initiatives that were attempting to reverse the exclusionary outcomes of zoning. While inclusionary zoning programs have now been widely adopted across North America and Europe, their use seems to be highly incremental and context-specific, and efforts to compare and contrast programs have not succeeded in systematically explaining what works and what does not work. Few studies consider how neighborhood context, local politics and power relations shape inclusionary zoning outcomes. Few studies consider how the implementation of inclusionary zoning programs in historically disinvested neighborhoods is shaped by path dependency and national contexts, which orient so much of our planning traditions, political economies and multi-scale governance structures. This dissertation intends to fill such a gap by contrasting the Fort d’Aubervilliers housing project where local public sector agents secured a more redistributive housing project (more affordable units and deeper affordability levels) because they had more power and were backed by resources, programs, institutions operating at a more macro level, to the East Harlem housing project where local public sector agents did not secure a redistributive housing project (more affordable units and deeper affordability levels), because they had less power and there was a disconnect with resources, programs, institutions operating at a more macro level. My research project goes beyond a standard macro-level comparison of national or metropolitan programs. It proposes a finer-grain “N of Two plus Some” comparative framework, with a single case study for a neighborhood in New York and a single case study for a neighborhood in the Grand Paris, both informed by other secondary cases. I present it as a chronological narrative research which “restories” my findings. I uncover the political mediation and micro-processes behind the implementation of two inclusionary housing projects, Fort d’Aubervilliers in the banlieue of the Grand Paris, and Sendero Verde in New York’s East Harlem. I map the multi-level negotiation processes that unfolded in each case among agents of the public sector, using close to 150 semi-structured interviews and shadowing meetings and hearings across the two cities. Findings follow Jenny Schuetz’s proposal that empowered but not autonomous local actors, subject to regional or federal public governance structures, represent the most just and redistributive model of urban governance when it comes to inclusionary zoning implementation (Schuetz et al. 2009). I contrast the story of an affordable housing project “locked” through the cooperation of the agents that make up the mille-feuille multi-scale public sector in the case of Aubervilliers with a contested public-private project where city agendas overlook a community-led neighborhood plan in the case of East Harlem. I underline how local levels of governance - the intermunicipal Établissements Publics Territoriaux in the case of Paris and the City Council in the case of New York - played a critical role in each case to negotiate the social justice outcomes of inclusionary zoning implementation in these historically disinvested neighborhoods, with more or less success. The investigation of two inclusionary zoning cases in East Harlem and the banlieue of Aubervilliers offers lessons about the social justice and equity aspects of real estate development projects undertaken in the two global cities of New York and the Grand Paris. It uncovers the “mixité de façade” question I ask, whether the social mix component of these two projects is truly achieved, or just a façade. In so doing, I intend to underline that there is a large enough gradient of ways to make the redistribution of economic growth, and goals of social justice, feasible in the two cities I work on. I also hope to reintroduce the type of opportunities the agency of public sector agents in charge of residential landscapes can grant us with, even in historically disinvested neighborhoods. New York and the Grand Paris, two cities which are still respectively at the forefront of securing subsidized housing markets for their residents, allow me to fuel a rich literature on global cities and transatlantic planning. Only this time, I decenter the standard comparative narrative on Paris and New York, and start chronicling the challenges of metropolitan policy making, progressive “New Proceduralism” and “New Public Management” illustrated by programs like inclusionary zoning, by situating the conversation in the historically disinvested neighborhoods of both cities. Eventually, while both contexts differ in several ways, they tell us something valuable. The major takeaway is that a strong public institutional landscape and a solid net of programs and resources available for public agents in charge of neighborhood planning plays a huge role in determining the success or failure of implementation processes for this type of inclusionary zoning-financed housing projects.

A critical concern for society at the present time is the detrimental effects of human activity on the ecosystems. However, while there is raised awareness about issues such as global warming and the thinning ozone layer, humans still plan and develop the urban landscape from the perspective of the Cartesian worldview. This is also apparent in planning for the aging population. Although there is a large body of literature on population aging and sustainable urban development as well as a significant amount of material on aging and urban planning, the three issues of sustainability, urban planning and population aging are seldom addressed simultaneously. This thesis addresses the question of how sustainability planning principles can be integrated with planning for population aging. To this end, I investigate the underlying paradigms of both planning and the sociology of aging to gain an understanding of the values that underscore the policy directions in both these fields. I also review the literature on population aging, as well as housing and health service planning to highlight some needs, preferences and beliefs of the older population. Finally, I survey the literature on sustainable urban planning to elucidate some points of intersection between the needs and preferences of an aging population and the dominant principles underwriting a more sustainable lifestyle. The most significant themes arising from this investigation are the need for social and physical restructuring through changing paradigms. It is clear that older people are treated as a special group and have been segregated either covertly or overtly from mainstream society. Therefore, a change in values is required normalizing the older population within the societal structure. At the same time, traditional urban planning supports increasing consumption of material and energy resources leading to greater environmental degradation. Physical urban restructuring that reduces fossil fuel consumption and waste production will move society towards sustainability. Social ecology and ecological planning principles underwrite such social and ecological restructuring.

A critical concern for society at the present time is the detrimental effects of human activity on the ecosystems. However, while there is raised awareness about issues such as global warming and the thinning ozone layer, humans still plan and develop the urban landscape from the perspective of the Cartesian worldview. This is also apparent in planning for the aging population. Although there is a large body of literature on population aging and sustainable urban development as well as a significant amount of material on aging and urban planning, the three issues of sustainability, urban planning and population aging are seldom addressed simultaneously. This thesis addresses the question of how sustainability planning principles can be integrated with planning for population aging. To this end, I investigate the underlying paradigms of both planning and the sociology of aging to gain an understanding of the values that underscore the policy directions in both these fields. I also review the literature on population aging, as well as housing and health service planning to highlight some needs, preferences and beliefs of the older population. Finally, I survey the literature on sustainable urban planning to elucidate some points of intersection between the needs and preferences of an aging population and the dominant principles underwriting a more sustainable lifestyle. The most significant themes arising from this investigation are the need for social and physical restructuring through changing paradigms. It is clear that older people are treated as a special group and have been segregated either covertly or overtly from mainstream society. Therefore, a change in values is required normalizing the older population within the societal structure. At the same time, traditional urban planning supports increasing consumption of material and energy resources leading to greater environmental degradation. Physical urban restructuring that reduces fossil fuel consumption and waste production will move society towards sustainability. Social ecology and ecological planning principles underwrite such social and ecological restructuring. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Ho Tsun Man Clement. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2007-2008, design report." / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 0. --- Contents / Chapter 1. --- THESIS ABSTRACT --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- RESEARCH PHASE --- p.2 / Chapter 2.1 --- Background --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- The Contemporary Public Realm --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- Issues --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Issue 1 - The Public Realm Accommodates Only Movement / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Issue 2 - Lack of Public Activities --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Issue 3 - Segregation of Activities / Chapter 2.3 --- Argument --- p.7 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Precedent Cases --- p.9 / Chapter 2.4 --- Theoretical Principles --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Principle 1 - A 3D Nolli Plan / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Principle 2 ´ёØ Reviving Public Life --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Principle 3 - Street-irvthe-air --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Overall Design Strategy “ City Within Housing / Chapter 2.5 --- Research on Housing Typology --- p.26 / Chapter 2.6 --- Research on the Public Realm --- p.36 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- "Fa Yuen Street Complex, Monakok" / Chapter 2.6.2 --- "Kowloon Park, Tsimshatsui" --- p.37 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- "Central Park, New York" --- p.38 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Different Elements of the Public Realm --- p.40 / Chapter 2.7 --- Site Selection --- p.43 / Chapter 2.8 --- Vision for Design Intervention --- p.46 / Chapter 2.9 --- Footnotes --- p.47 / Chapter 3. --- DESIGN PHASE --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1 --- Proposed Site Condition --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2 --- Main Design Concept --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3 --- Preliminary Design --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4 --- Final Design Strategy --- p.57 / Chapter 3.5 --- Final Building Design Drawings --- p.58 / Chapter 3.6 --- Final Unit Design Drawings --- p.78 / Chapter 3.7 --- Final Model Photos --- p.82 / Chapter 4. --- BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.86

Why did architecture become an urgent concern for so many writers in postwar Britain? Following the destruction of World War Two, reconstruction became a total cultural project, animating writers, artists, and critics, as well as planners, politicians, and citizens. From the preservation of culturally significant buildings to the razing of old foundations, from the creation of new towns to the management of suburban sprawl, the project of rebuilding Britain sparked an extraordinary creative response that transcended disciplinary fields and brought together some of the most innovative minds of the day. However, the significance of writers’ roles in this reconstruction—and the critical role that writing plays in architecture more broadly—has not, thus far, been adequately addressed in either literary or architectural studies. “Structures of Feeling: Architecture and Literature in Postwar Britain and Ireland” builds on recent scholarship in literary geographies and the spatial humanities to propose a new intervention in literary studies: an extension of what Ellen Eve Frank has called literary architecture. Bringing together architectural and literary modernisms, my dissertation shows how novelists, architects, poets, and critics together participated imaginatively in the reconstruction of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland after World War Two by situating the key social, psychological, and political issues of the day in the built environment.Analyzing a rich archive of poetry, fiction, and criticism along with architectural writing, maps, plans, and developments, “Structures of Feeling” tracks the transition from the end of the war to the rise and fall of the welfare state; it locates forms of cultural production in the second half of the twentieth century that united urban planning, poetics, and environmental perception. In so doing, it shows how writing powerfully mediated some of the most important developments in urban planning and civic reconstruction, from motorways to new towns, from tower blocks and social housing to military architecture along contested borders. These writers, from poets like Philip Larkin to novelists like J. G. Ballard to architects like Alison and Peter Smithson, made human the effects of modern architecture’s ideologies and designs, critiqued and often proposed its boldest solutions and failures, and made architecture a public issue. Ultimately, this dissertation investigates how the complex social and political forces of the era—a dynamic cultural formation Raymond Williams has called “structures of feeling”—became animated both through postwar architecture’s physical structures and the diverse forms of writing these buildings stimulated into being.

As cities across the United States grapple with soaring housing costs, planners and policymakers have argued that upzonings are key to addressing rising housing unaffordability. Upzonings, or alterations to municipal zoning regulations allowing for increased development capacity, are expected to spur additional housing production, relieve housing demand, lower housing costs, and ultimately improve racial and economic integration. Although cities and states have started to consider upzonings as part of official housing policy agendas, minimal research to date has explored the factors that could alternately further or frustrate upzoning’s objectives of improving housing affordability and racial and economic segregation. Seeking to fill part of this gap in the literature, this dissertation explores how upzoning unfolds in three different contexts (Austin, TX; Newton, MA; and New York, NY), exploring how local context shapes the extent to which upzoning will reach these objectives. The first essay, “How do upzonings impact neighborhood demographic change? Examining the link between land use policy and gentrification in New York City,” investigates how upzonings relate to neighborhood racial change in New York City. The second essay, “How does real estate investor ownership mediate accessory dwelling unit (ADU) asking rents? Evidence from Austin, TX” explores how the involvement of differently situated actors in the real estate market impacts the affordability of accessory dwelling units. The third essay, “Upzoning and the homevoter hypothesis: Evidence from Massachusetts,” examines the extent to which incumbent homeowners will seek to capitalize on upzoning-induced financial gains and take advantage of a proposed jurisdiction-wide upzoning. Collectively, findings from this dissertation indicate that whether upzoning will be successful (i.e., whether it will deliver its promised benefits of improved housing affordability and reduced racial and economic segregation) likely will hinge on prevailing real estate market conditions, as well as differentiated market responses to upzoning from different actors in the real estate industry. These findings are relevant to planners and policymakers because they indicate that upzoning may not unfold similarly in all contexts, but rather that real estate market conditions and uneven market responses to upzoning will shape the extent to which upzoning delivers its expected benefits.

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

Housing approximately half a million residents, the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) has long been cast as the exception to the rule of ‘demolish and replace’ models of public housing in the United States. Yet as NYCHA faces a dire fiscal and administrative crisis, it has proposed a suite of privatization efforts that threaten its successful reputation. With a focus on NYCHA’s effort to allow private developers to construct mixed-income ‘infill’ projects on existing ‘underutilized’ public housing land through the NextGeneration NYCHA and NYCHA 2.0 plans, in this dissertation, I ask: how do various stakeholders, including residents, the housing authority, private developers, elected officials, and non-profit and advocacy stakeholders justify, react to, and resist NYCHA’s plans for redevelopment? While most studies consider the impacts of mixed-income housing on residents after lease up of a development, interpreting it as either a de facto beneficial policy or as a tool for state-led gentrification, this work differs in its focus on the range of viewpoints about the plan prior to construction. In so doing, it straddles the literature on mixed-income housing and urban planning processes through the lens of pragmatism. A pragmatic approach centers those most impacted in planmaking and considers how diverse stakeholder experiences co-exist and contrast in public deliberation processes. In other words, this dissertation considers how the housing authority’s various publics have reacted differently to the plans for its transformation with the goal of informing how to craft more restorative, equitable, and deliberative planning processes. Using data from over a year and a half of participant observation, interviews, and media and policy sources, I craft a qualitative narrative case of the deliberations surrounding NYCHA’s first five years of redevelopment from a variety of stakeholder perspectives. Using narrative and framework analysis, I organize this dissertation around three empirical chapters: 1) an anatomy of the formal and dialogical channels of engagement between speakers and NYCHA officials at 10 public meetings following the NextGeneration NYCHA plan’s release; 2) an account of the housing authority’s stop-and-start approach to pursuing infill set amidst its various crises, including an analysis of the viewpoints of public officials and a private developer selected for a pilot infill site; and 3) a description of residents’ opposition to the plan, which includes descriptions of spaces of contestation citywide and at a specific pilot infill development on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. I find that while multiple stakeholders agree on the end goal of repairing existing public housing, actors promote a series of contradictions in their means to fix it, shaping a hotly contested landscape that has eroded public trust and further delayed action. Despite critiquing the housing authority for their management practices, residents launched a campaign to keep their homes publicly-operated that extended beyond the walls of their developments to citywide and even national progressive issues. This dissertation contributes to the housing policy and urban planning literature in three ways. First, it proposes an understanding of mixed-income housing that eschews past binary approaches and shows its perceived benefits and risks as highly dependent on the values and goals of the stakeholder. Second, it looks at conflicting attitudes to planmaking outside of a traditional consensus-based models, inviting a contextual understanding of power dynamics while also placing value on the experiences and actions of the majority Black and Latinx public housing residents who are the most impacted by the infill plans. Lastly, this dissertation also serves to profile pragmatism’s power–and limits– for theorizing more equitable redevelopment processes in planning.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 MENEZES SAS-2013.pdf: 2214968 bytes, checksum: b70a13da746d4992567d1e1ce87a967b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-22 / Com a promulgação do Estatuto da Cidade (Lei nº 10.257/2001), a criação do Ministério das Cidades (2003) e a institucionalização do Sistema Nacional de Habitação de Interesse Social (SNHIS), que definiu normas e procedimentos para a regulamentação e a operacionalização da nova Política Nacional de Habitação (PNH), tem início a consolidação de um novo marco regulatório para a política pública de habitação de interesse social no Brasil. Nesse contexto, e com vistas a incrementar o planejamento das ações em âmbito municipal, o governo federal vem estimulando os municípios à elaboração dos respectivos Planos Locais de Habitação de Interesse Social (PLHIS), a partir de metodologia elaborada pelo Ministério das Cidades, com base na participação social. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a análise concernente ao processo recente de elaboração do PLHIS, tendo como estudo de caso o Plano Local de Habitação de Interesse Social da cidade de Camacã/BA – com população total de 31.472 habitantes, localizado no sul do Estado da Bahia. Trata-se, pois, de proceder a uma avaliação a respeito desse instrumento de planejamento, no âmbito da questão habitacional, no que se refere à adequabilidade da aplicação da metodologia proposta para os municípios de pequeno porte, bem como à previsão do manejo adequado dos problemas relacionados à desigualdade socioespacial e, sobretudo, à problemática habitacional no município. Para alcance desse objetivo, a metodologia utilizada foi focada em pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa. No primeiro caso, abrangeu o levantamento bibliográfico e o levantamento de dados em órgãos oficiais de estatística, bem como a análise da legislação e documentos oficiais. Quanto à pesquisa qualitativa, foram realizadas entrevistas junto às Secretarias Municipais envolvidas com as políticas públicas de habitação de interesse social, aos técnicos municipais e aos representantes dos movimentos pró-moradia; buscando identificar, de um modo geral, o entendimento e a participação dos mesmos no processo de elaboração do PLHIS de Camacã/BA. Os resultados demonstram que a estrutura do município de Camacã ainda é inadequada para lidar com os requisitos definidos pelo PLHIS. Ademais, a participação popular tem que ser ampliada para que as respostas providas de fato condigam com as necessidades populacionais. Nota-se, ainda, a essencialidade de um real comprometimento do poder público para que o PLHIS se torne uma ferramenta de real manejo dos problemas habitacionais no país. Desse modo, com o presente trabalho, visa-se contribuir e fornecer subsídios para a compreensão acerca do processo de elaboração e implantação dos Planos Locais de Habitação de Interesse Social nas localidades de pequeno porte no Brasil e, em particular, no Estado da Bahia. / The promulgation of the “City Statute” (Estatuto da Cidade – Law n. 10.257/2001), the creation of the Ministry of Cities and the institutionalization of the National System on Social Interest Housing, which defined norms and procedures for the regulation and implementation of the new National Housing Policy initiated the consolidation of a new regulatory parameter on the policy of social interest housing in Brazil. In this context, and aiming to develop the planning of actions in the local sphere, the federal government has stimulated the towns to the elaboration of the respective Local Planning on Social Interest Housing (PLHIS, acronym in Portuguese), from a methodology created by the Ministry of Cities, which is based on the social participation. This work aims to analyze the recent process of formulation of the PLHIS, and has as case study the PLHIS of Camacã/BA – a town which has a population of 31.472 inhabitants, located in southern Bahia. It evaluates this planning instrument, in the sphere of the housing issue, in relation to the suitability of the methodology posed to small towns, as to the proper management of the problems related to the socio-spatial inequality and, above all, to the housing issue in the town. In order to accomplish this goal, it is used a methodology which focuses in quantitative and qualitative research. In the first case, it comprised the bibliographic and data research in official statistical agencies, as well as the analysis of legislation and official documents. With respect to the qualitative research, interviews were conducted with the local Secretariats which are involved with the policies on social interest housing, the local experts and representatives of the pro-housing social movements. It aimed to identify, in a broad perspective, the understanding and participation of these individuals regarding the process of formulation of PHLIS in the town. The results show that it is still inadequate the structure of Camacã to deal with the requirements defined by the PLHIS. Besides, the popular participation has to be enlarged so that provided answers actually match the population needs. It is also noted that it is essential a real commitment of the public power so that PLHIS can become a tool which really deals with the housing problems in Brazil. In this way, it is aimed to contribute and provide important subsidies to the understanding about the process of elaboration and implantation of the Local Planning on Social Interest in small towns in Brazil and, specially, in Bahia