The ligaments of the wrist are highly variable and poorly described, which is more obvious on the ulnar side of the wrist. Previous studies highlighted the potential differences within the ligaments of the wrist but no consensus has been reached. Poor tissue description and inconsistent use of terminology hindered the reproducibility of the results. Improved understanding of the morphological variations between carpal bones may facilitate improved understanding of the ligamentous structure within the wrist. This study aims to identify the potential variations between carpal bones that could be used to separate palmar ligamentous patterns around the triquetrum-hamate joint into subgroups within the sample population. Investigations were performed following a detailed nomenclature and a clear definition of ligamentous structures to facilitate detailed description and reproducible results. Quantitative analyses were conducted using 3D modelling technique. Histological sections were then analysed to identify the structure of each ligamentous attachment. Variable patterns of ligamentous attachments were identified. Differences were not only obvious between samples but also between the right and left hands of the same person. These identifications suggested that the palmar ligamentous patterns around the triquetrum-hamate joint are best described as a spectrum with a higher affinity of the triquetrum-hamate-capitate ligament and the lunate-triquetrum ligament to be associated with type I lunate wrists on one extreme and type II lunate wrists with the palmar triquetrum-hamate ligament, triquetrum-hamate-capitate ligament and palmar radius-lunate-triquetrum ligament attachments at the other extreme. Histological analyses confirmed pervious established work regarding the mechanical role of ligaments in wrist joint biomechanics. Also, there were no significant differences between the quantitative data obtained from the Genelyn-embalmed and unembalmed specimens (p > 0.05). The current study demonstrated variable ligamentous patterns that suggest different bone restraints and two different patterns of motion. These findings support previous suggestions regarding separating the midcarpal joint into two distinct functional types. Type I wrists were identified with ligamentous attachments that are suggestive of rotating/translating hamate whilst type II wrists identified with ligamentous attachments that are suggestive of flexing/extending hamate motion based upon the patterns of the ligamentous attachments in relation to the morphological features of the underlying lunate type of the wrist. This opens the horizon for particular consideration and/or modification of surgical procedures, which may enhance the clinical management of wrist dysfunction.

The native corneal structure is highly organised and unified in architecture with structural and functional integration which mediates its transparency and mechanical strength. Two of the most demanding challenges in corneal tissue engineering are the replication of the native corneal stromal architecture and the preservation of stromal cell phenotype which prevents scar-like tissue formation. A concerted effort in this thesis has been devoted to the generation of a functional human corneal stromal model by the manipulation of chemical, topographical and cellular cues. To achieve this, previously built non-destructive, online, real-time monitoring techniques, micro-indentation and optical coherence tomography (OCT), which allow for the mechanical and contraction properties of corneal equivalents to be monitored, have been improved. These macroscopic parameters have been cross-validated by histological, imunohistochemical, morphological and genetic expression analysis.

The frequency of variations in nine morphological features of the cervical column in a South African (S.A.) black and white example of human skeletons was investigated to determine whether there Was a greater degree of morphological variability in the black as compared with the white sample. These findings were compared with other population groups. Intertribal, sex and side differences were examined, The possible aetiology of these variations was explored. [Abbreviated abstract. Open document to view full version] / GR 2016

Thesis (M.F.A.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / The aim of this thesis is to present a comprehensive course of study in human anatomy for adolescents, utilizing slides as the primary means of introducing anatomy in combination with a text substantiating the visual material. [TRUNCATED] / 2031-01-01

With the progression of multivariate statistics, the creation of population specific equations is on the rise. Multivariate analysis generally revolves around metric methods or geometric morphometrics, not on morphoscopic features. A total of eight samples were analysed spanning from prehistoric American to modern day South African and ranged between pygmy populations from the Andaman Islands to medieval British populations. With a sample size of more than 1100 individuals, each os coxa was scored using eight morphoscopic features most commonly used by physical anthropologists and osteoarchaeologists. Trait frequencies were compiled and compared between each of the eight samples. Then, the samples were placed into two groups: a known age and sex group (Christ Church Spitalfields, South African White, South African Black, and South African Coloured), and an unknown archaeological group (Poulton, St. Owens, Chumash, and Andaman). When comparing trait frequencies, slight differences between the samples could be seen. Ordinal Logistic Regressions (OLR) were applied onto each of the four samples from the known age and sex group to create population specific sexing equations (cross-validated). Results from these four equations ranged from 90.24% (South African Black population specific equation) to 96.38% (Christ Church, Spitalfields population specific equation). Population specifity was tested by applying all of the equations onto each sample in this group. In an attempt to reduce this, two new equations were created by combining samples together resulting in a South African specific equation (92.54% accuracy) and a "Summary Sex" equation (92.98% accuracy). After applying each of the six new OLR equations onto the four archaeological samples, high percentage accuracies (ranging from 92.59% to 100.00%) were found when comparing them to the previous records. The only sample that did not produce as high of an accuracy was the Chumash sample with 82.35%. In the attempt to analyse fragmented remains, three avenues were taken. Firstly, all missing values were replaced by the median score. Secondly, the original six OLR equations were 'sectioned' to make three smaller sets of equations. Lastly, to mirror the sectioned equations, three new sets of OLR equations were generated. This study shows that when using morphoscopic traits for sex estimation, applying multivariate techniques can be used to obtain a high accuracy even when dealing with fragmented samples.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--West Virginia University, 2001. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 220 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 144-154).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Wisconsin. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 276-292).

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