Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Texas at Arlington, 2009.

Human trafficking is an international crime affecting all countries that continues to grow. The crime operates as part of an illicit underground network, starting with traffickers who manipulate, deceive, and exploit victims. Victims are both male and female, but the crime disproportionally affects women more than men. Latin American women are especially vulnerable to being trafficked due to societal and cultural norms that demand they be subordinate. Additionally, these women lack many educational and job opportunities, and face mental and physical abuse at home and in their communities. These factors make them vulnerable, and the traffickers use these vulnerabilities to deceive and exploit them. This report will argue that in order to effectively prevent victimization, women need to be empowered, not only access to education but also job opportunities. Furthermore, a societal transformation needs to occur that gives more value and significance to women, where they are viewed as powerful beings instead of submissive and subordinate human beings. / text

This thesis addresses how to combat the offence of human trafficking, with particular emphasis on the development of trafficked victims' rights, their protection and traffickers' convictions. The study analysed legal responses to human trafficking at three levels: international, regional, and national; identifying it as a threefold phenomenon, involving criminal law and human rights. The main purpose was to critically analyse United Arab Emirates legislation against the offence of trafficking, and compare it with United Kingdom legislation. The study comprises five chapters, proceeding from the general background of the phenomenon to the modification of the framework for convicting traffickers in the UAE system. The actual application of criminal law relating to the trafficking offence in the UAE and UK was investigated through case law, as was the protection extended to victims of trafficking. From the literature review, it was discovered that human trafficking is a multi-faceted problem; thus, a comprehensive approach to tackle it is needed. The thesis concludes that, although the UAE and UK have adopted/amended their anti-trafficking legislation, they have yet to create an effective protection framework for its victims. In particular, UAE law fails to convict those who commit the trafficking offence in the period before the exploitation has taken place. This thesis calls for an amendment to UAE law, moving toward development of the conviction issue, by adopting the principle of presumed exploitation or the principle of probable (belief) exploitation.

In 2009 four men were trafficked from their native Bangladesh to work in the Scottish Highlands. They were promised jobs as professional chefs. Instead they were forced into modern-day slavery. This is their story.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, June, 2006. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-57)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Commonwealth University, 2007. / Prepared for: L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs. Bibliography: leaves 184-193. Also available online.

The way in which the concept 'human trafficking' has been constructed in the UK (in the words and actions of law enforcement bodies, state-funded NGOs and courts, for example) has changed significantly since the early 2000s. Yet legal and policy definitions of trafficking have remained largely consistent. This is surprising if we expect the state, through instruments like legislation and policy statements, to authoritatively define particular concepts and categories in a way that then shapes how others think and act. This did not happen - at least not straightforwardly - in the case of trafficking. What, then, was the state's contribution to the construction of 'human trafficking' in the UK? To answer that question, this thesis explores the three most significant state interventions relating to trafficking: a 2007 policy statement, a 2009 set of administrative rules and a 2015 piece of legislation. Each had different characteristics and was used in a different way. I argue that the state used these instruments not to authoritatively define 'human trafficking' but to shape already existing or incipient ideas and assumptions about trafficking. The state collated, codified and legitimised certain configurations of ideas and assumptions through the three instruments discussed. To place the state's activities in context, the thesis also investigates how the state first came to recognise 'human trafficking' as an issue and what influence the concepts and categories shaped by the state went on to have. The former is addressed through identifying the ideas and assumptions that fed into the state's early efforts and tracing their historical development. The latter is addressed through examining the ways in which actors who are engaged in implementing the concepts and categories shaped by the state have had to adapt their ideas and practices in order to do so.

A Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology at the University of Zululand, South Africa in the Department of Sociology, Faculty of Arts, 2009. / The major objective of this study was to examine the various and numerous socio-cultural determinants of trafficking in children and adolescents for sexual purposes in several groups of children and adolescents as well as their parents, in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Major Sociological and Criminological theories were used as theoretical frame on which this research rests. These include Shaw and McKay's Social Disorganization theory; Cornish and Clarke's Rational Choice theory; Quay and Gray's Reward Dominance theory; Emile Durkheim's Anomie theory; Merton's Structural Strain theory and Sutherland's Differential Association theory. Other theories which supported the phenomenon under study include the Social Learning theory by Burgess and Akers; Labeling theory by Tannenbaum and Lemert and the Control theory by Reiss, Hirschi and Gottfredson. Three hypotheses were formulated to guide the course of this study which were tested using the Statistical Programme for Social Sciences, Version 16.0 (SPSS). A total of 1770 subjects were interviewed in four surveys, while the fifth survey covered 630 parents of trafficked victims. The primal determinant of TCASP from the findings was poverty which was a function of parents' low socio-economic status. Also child abandonment due to witchcraft accusation and austere economic conditions made most children (especially girls) vulnerable to trafficking for sexual purposes in foreign countries. Based on the above findings, the study recommended, inter-alia, that governments should establish partnerships with the private sector, NGOs, FBOs and intergovernmental organisations to develop programmes that will ensure high-risk groups (children and women) are provided with good education, job training and opportunities for survival. As a result of grave implications of TCASP, policy formulation should incorporate support for further studies and research on the phenomenon of trafficking of children, to better understand its dynamics, its mutations and best ways of addressing it.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2008. / Title from file title page. Wendy Simonds, committee chair; Denise Donnelly, Dawn Baunach, committee members. Electronic text (218 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Sept. 23, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 195-206).

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio University, June, 2007. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.