The problems associated with short growing seasons has led to the development of leafy-reduced stature (LRS) corn hybrids. These hybrids have more leaf area above the ear, more rapid leaf area development, shorter stature, earlier maturity, and better responses to high plant populations and narrow spacings than conventional hybrids. Plants grown in a reduced light environment are limited in carbon assimilation and this, in turn, results in reductions in growth and development. A way to supplement the availability of photosynthate is injection of sucrose into plant stems. The objective of this thesis was to determine the ability of LRS corn plants to compete with weeds, and the reactions of weed species to the shade, including the relationships between weed growth (increase in biomass) and development (shape) under shaded conditions. Three years of field experiments (LRS and more conventional corn hybrids with both transplanted and naturally growing weeds) and two years of greenhouse work [weeds alone, C3 (lamb's quarters and velvetleaf) and C4 (redroot pigweed) in full sun or deep (75%) shade injected with 15% sucrose or not] were conducted. Yield reductions due to weed pressure were lower for LRS than other hybrids. Biomass production by both transplanted and naturally occurring weeds was up to 85% less under corn canopies than when grown without competition from corn. The biomass of C4 weeds was more reduced by competition with corn plants than that of C3 weeds. In spite of quick and early leaf development, leaves and other plant parts of LRS were not damaged excessively by mechanical (rotary hoeing) weed control. Both C3 and C4 weed plants produced more dry matter when injected with sucrose. Dry weights of sucrose injected shaded plants were not different from full sun uninjected plants. However, sucrose injection did not alter shading effects on development (distribution of biomass). Dry matter production and photosynthetic rates of C4 weeds were more reduced

Thesis (doctoral)--University of Hohenheim, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 487-498).

Orientador: Gustavo Vitti Môro / Banca: Marcelo Marchi Costa / Banca: Rinaldo Cesar de Paula / Resumo: Genótipos superiores têm alta capacidade de produção e resistência às principais doenças, porém o efeito do ambiente pode alterar essas características. Quando plantados em várias localidades, os genótipos podem se comportar de maneira diferente devido a sua adaptabilidade a cada região e a interação destes com o ambiente. O uso de sementes não adaptadas a região e o manejo inadequado são as principais causas de baixo rendimento nas lavouras de milho. Genótipos que respondem ao manejo utilizado, e que se comportam de maneira estável são fundamentais para obtenção de boa produtividade. Com base nisso este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a adaptabilidade, estabilidade e produtividade de grãos de híbridos experimentais e comerciais de milho para a segunda safra brasileira. Foram avaliados 33 híbridos, na segunda safra de 2016, em 39 locais, divididos em três macrorregiões (Tropical Sul, Tropical Centro Oeste e Tropical Centro Leste). Com as médias de produtividade de grãos obtidas após a realização da análise de variância, foram estimados os parâmetros de adaptabilidade e estabilidade através de regressão linear bissegmentada. Os genótipos foram discriminados de acordo com sua adaptabilidade e estabilidade para cada região. Na região Tropical Sul o híbrido HC04 e HE16 são recomendados para ambientes favoráveis, pois respondem as melhorias de ambiente. Na região Tropical Centro Oeste o genótipo experimental HE16 também foi classificado como responsivo. E na tropical Centro Le... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:52:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 crosariolnetto_j_me_jabo.pdf: 474164 bytes, checksum: f262423fd0b7f4a2e7c517c87abee949 (MD5) / Com a adoção de sistemas de semeadura direta de milho logo após a colheita da soja, alguns percevejos como Dichelops melacanthus tem aumentado sua importância na fase inicial de desenvolvimento das plantas de milho no Sudeste e Oeste do Brasil, este trabalho teve como principal objetivo observar a infestação e respectivos danos em híbridos de milho convencionais e transgênicos, submetidos ao tratamento químico de sementes e pulverização de inseticida no colo das plantas. Os híbridos convencionais utilizados nos experimento foram: 30F35, 9110, AG8088, DKB390, 2B710, 2B688 e IMPACTO; e seus respectivos híbridos transgênicos foram: 30F35 H (Herculex), 9110 Y (Yeldgard), AG8088 YG (Yieldgard), DKB390 VTpro, 2B710 HX (Herculex), 2B688 H (Herculex) e IMPACTO TL (Total Libert). Os inseticidas utilizados foram: Cruiser® 350 FS (thiametoxam) e Cropstar® (imidacloprid) ambos via tratamento de sementes, e o inseticida Connect® (imidacloprid + beta-ciflutrina) aplicado no colo das plântulas. Os parâmetros avaliados foram porcentagem de plantas atacadas, atribuiu-se notas através de escala de notas visuais de sintomas ou injúrias, e durante o desenvolvimento das plantas, aferiu-se a altura das plantas. No momento da colheita foram avaliados os parâmetros de produtividade das plantas: número de fileiras de grãos/espiga, peso (g) de espiga com e sem palha, e peso (g) de grãos corrigidos a 13% de umidade. Os resultados demonstram que, o tratamento de sementes com inseticidas sistêmicos foi o melhor controle e o que mais reduziu a porcentagem de plantas atacadas no campo, tanto em infestação artificial quanto em infestação natural de D. melacanthus. Os híbridos transgênicos apresentaram menor porcentagem de plantas atacadas, menores notas de sintomas de injúrias ou danos,... / With the adoption of no-tillage systems for maize after soybean harvest, some bugs, such as Dichelops melacanthus have increased in importance at the early development of maize plants in the Southeast and West areas of Brazil. This study aimed to observe the infestation and damage on conventional and transgenic maize hybrids submitted to chemical treatment of seeds, as well as chemical control by spraying insecticides to the base of the plants. It was used the following conventional hybrids: 30F35, 9110, AG8088, DKB390, 2B710, 2B688 and IMPACT, whereas their transgenic analogs were: 30F35 H (Herculex), 9110 Y (Yeldgard), AG8088 YG (YieldGard), DKB390 VTpro, 2B710 HX (Herculex), 2B688 H (Herculex) and IMPACT TL (Total Libert). The insecticides used were: FS 350 Cruiser® (thiamethoxam) and Cropstar® (imidacloprid), both of them were used for seed treatment, whereas it was used Connect® (imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin) to spray the seedlings. The parameters evaluated were the percentage of attacked plants by grading them based on visual scale of symptoms or injuries, and it was also measured the height of the plants during plant development. At harvest it was evaluated the following yield parameters: number of kernel rows/ear, weight (g) of ears with and without straw, and weight (g) of grain corrected to 13% moisture. It was shown that seed treatment with systemic insecticides was the best control tactic and the most effective way to decrease the percentage of attacked plants in the field, under both artificial and natural infestation of D. melacanthus. For the transgenic hybrids, it was shown a lower percentage of attacked plants, the lowest grades...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The NDSU EarlyGEM or the Early Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (Zea maize L.) is a long term incorporation program designed to increase the genetic diversity of short season hybrids. Starting in 1999, exotic GEM breeding crosses derived from temperate accessions: BR52051, CH05015; tropical accessions: SCR01, CUBA17, FS8B; and tropical hybrid DKB844 along with late checks: B73, Mo17, and Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS), were adapted to short-seasons and incorporated via a modified backcross (BC) procedure. This study was designed to assess the genetic diversity in exotic derived BC1:S1 lines and their competitive potential as sources of new and unique hybrids. Useful genetic diversity was evaluated with testers belonging to opposite heterotic groups, LH176 representing a non stiff stalk and TR3026 x TR2040 a stiff stalk testers and were tested in five North Dakota environments over two years (2009 and 2010). All the traits showed highly significant (P<0.01) differences across genotypes except root and stalk lodging. Among 236 experimental testcrosses, 64 were statistically not different (LSD, 0.05) to industry hybrids for grain yield. BC derived lines from BR52051, CHO5015, DKB844 showed diverse alleles for low grain moisture (below 87 relative maturity days) at harvest and high grain yield. SCR01, BR52051, CHO5015 and CUBA117 derived lines produced hybrids with high grain oil (4. 9% vs. 4.1%) and grain protein (10.4% vs. 9.1%) contents compared to top checks. The results showed that the exotic incorporations are the sources of unique new alleles for early maturing maize not present in existing US germplasms (e.g. B73, Mo17, and BSSS). Even though each exotic cross was unique to integrate diverse alleles, utilizing multiple unique exotic crosses for incorporation showed large variation for specific traits. Phenotypic correlations of traits showed grain moisture played the most important role for short season hybrid development. Exotic incorporation through NDSU EarlyGEM has shown a new way of breeding early maturing maize keeping the breeding program open and genetic diversity high.

Orientador: Gustavo Vitti Môro / Banca: Sandra Helena Unêda Trevisoli / Banca: Ivana Marino Barbaro / Resumo: Nos programas de melhoramento de milho, a avaliação das linhagens em cruzamentos é uma etapa de alto custo, sendo que o uso e a escolha dos testadores mais adequados podem reduzir a demanda de recursos. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi utilizar a abordagem REML/BLUP de modelos mistos para predição de valores genotípicos de topcrosses, combinando testadores com estruturas genéticas diversificadas. Foram avaliados 234 topcrosses (39 linhagens x 6 testadores), no ano agrícola 2012/13, no delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso para o caráter produtividade de grãos de milho (t ha-1), altura de plantas (cm) e acamamento e quebramento de plantas (%). Foram realizadas análises de variância e, com as médias fenotípicas dos topcrosses, obteve-se os valores dos BLUPs considerando diferentes níveis de eliminação de testadores. Para verificar a eficiência dos BLUPs foram estimadas as correlações entre as médias fenotípicas e os valores genotípicos preditos com diferentes números e combinação de testadores, bem como os coeficientes de determinação, a coincidência no ordenamento dos topcrosses para seleção e descarte, com 10 e 20% de intensidade, e classificações dos topcrosses quanto à média fenotípica. O método de REML/BLUP se mostra adequado na predição dos valores genotípicos dos topcrosses nas situações com todos os testadores e com diferentes níveis de eliminação de testadores, com resultados variados em função das diversas combinações obtidas, para todos os caracteres avali... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In maize breeding programs the evaluation of lines at crosses is a costly step, and the use and the choice of the most appropriate testers can reduce the demand for resources. The objective of this work was to use the REML/BLUP approach of mixed models to predict genotypic values of topcrosses using testers with diverse genetic structures. Were evaluated 234 topcrosses (39 lines x 6 testers) in the agricultural year of 2012/13, under the experimental design of randomized blocks for the traits as grain yield (t ha-1 ), plant height (cm) and lodging and breakage of plants (%). Analyses of variance were conducted, and with the phenotypic means of topcrosses were obtained BLUPs values considering different levels of elimination of the testers. In order to check the efficiency of BLUPs, the correlations were estimated between the average phenotypic and the genotypic predicted values with different numbers and combination of the testers, as well as the coefficients of determination, the coincidence in the ranking of topcrosses for selection and discard, with 10 and 20% of intensity, and the classification of the topcrosses as to the phenotypic average. The method of REML/BLUP shown adequate to predict the genotypic values of topcrosses in situations with all testers and with different levels of testers elimination, with varying results depending on the various combinations obtained for all traits. Is possible to set a standard as to the origin and genetic structure of the most reco... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2001. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 174-182). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2001. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 174-182). Also available on the Internet.

Maize is Africa’s most important food crop. Unfortunately a yield gap currently exists in Africa which can be attributed to the use of inferior maize varieties such as open-pollinated varieties, double and three-way cross hybrids. Single cross maize hybrids, such as the world’s first commercial hybrid, SR52, have a higher yield potential, which is reflected by the doubling of maize yields in southern and eastern Africa by SR52, within a decade of its release. The main objective of this study was to determine the genetic basis behind SR52’s high yield potential and heterosis. This was established through a generation mean and path coefficient analysis of the SR52 maize hybrid. Research to determine genetic basis of yield and secondary trait was conducted using a randomized complete block design at two sites during the 2012/13 season, in South Africa. Six derivative generations of SR52 namely, its two parents N3 and SC, F1 and F2, and F1 backcross progenies (BC1N3 and BC1SC) were evaluated. A generation mean analysis was performed using PROC GLM procedures in SAS computer software program. High levels of mid-parent heterosis for grain yield potential was confirmed and ranged from 140% at Cedara to 311% at Ukulinga. The additive-dominance model was not adequate to explain the yield potential of SR52. Although negligible (less than 10%), epistatic gene effects were also influential (P<0.01) on grain yield and its components in SR52. The dominance and additive gene effects were highly significant (P<0.01), but dominance effects were the most influential. Correlation and path coefficient analysis of SR52’s segregating F2 and BC1 populations was performed in SAS. Most secondary traits, such as ear mass, ear length, total number of kernels per ear and plant height, were significant (P<0.05) and positively correlated with yield. However, the ear length, number of kernel rows, kernels per row and 100-kernel mass displayed the largest direct effects on yield of SR52, while indirect effects of secondary traits were small. The presence of genetic variation, as well as transgressive segregants for the yield components indicates possibility for extracting new germplasm lines with the desired QTL’s. It is concluded that SR52 is such an exceptional hybrid because of dominance gene action and direct contribution of superior cob length, number of kernel rows and mass of kernels to yield. / Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.

A diallel study of American Corn Belt maize (Zea mays L.) was conducted at Holland, Virginia in 1981 and 1982. All possible crosses of twelve inbred parents (A619, A632, B73, H60, H93, H96, Mo17, Oh7B, Pa91, Val7, Va.79:419, Va85) were planted in three replications with population density treatments of 39,536, 49,420, 59,304, and 69,188 pl/ha in strips across hybrid treatments. Analyses of variance and combining ability analyses were performed on traits measuring the timing of anthesis (pollen shed) and silk emergence, on ear components of yield, and on components of kernel size. Density effects were highly significant for all traits, except for that of pollen shed duration, in the analyses combined over years. Hybrid-by-year interactions were highly significant for all traits. Correlations between GCA effects of grain yield and GCA effects of silking delay (anthesis-to-silking interval), kernels per row on the ear, ear kernel number, and kernel depth[(ear diameter - cob diameter)/2] were -0.79, 0.64, 0.66, and 0.80 in 1981, and 0.24, 0.81, 0.71, and 0.26 in 1982, respectively. Moisture stress sufficient to cause wilting occurred before and during silking in 1981. Apparently, short silking delay was associated with high moisture stress tolerance for grain yield in 1981 and was associated with long ear shoot length in 1982. Deep kernel depth apparently was associated with drought stress tolerance for yield as well. The heritabilities of ear traits were higher the earlier they became established in the sequence of development. Heritabilities of silking delay and most ear components of yield were increased by increasing planting density. However, the correlations among flowering and ear traits largely were unaffected by density, perhaps because densities were not high enough to make barrenness a substantial factor in grain yield. The most important traits related to yield were silking delay, kernels per row, kernel depth, and kernel row number. GCA to SCA variance component ratios were increased by combining data over years and by the more optimum season for yield. / Ph. D.