Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-07-20T14:10:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação_Leonardo_digital.pdf: 8248572 bytes, checksum: 8eaff05e901397f38f65a651841ef367 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-20T14:10:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação_Leonardo_digital.pdf: 8248572 bytes, checksum: 8eaff05e901397f38f65a651841ef367 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-22 / CAPES / O presente trabalho aborda o desenvolvimento e a implementação de acopladores híbridos em quadratura mais compactos e com largura de banda e desempenho similares as do acoplador branch-line convencional. Para isso, fez-se uso de uma classe de estruturas denominadas linhas de transmissão artificiais (LTA). Uma nova estrutura desse tipo, composta por três linhas de transmissão conectadas em cascata, é analisada e utilizada neste trabalho. Foram derivadas equações matemáticas para o projeto deste tipo de estrutura que podem ser utilizadas para obter LTAs com uma matriz de espalhamento idêntica, para uma dada frequência de operação, a de uma linha de transmissão com uma impedância característica e comprimento elétrico quaisquer. Essa técnica foi aplicada no projeto de acopladores híbridos em quadratura em microfita para as bandas GSM em 920 MHz e ISM em 2.45 GHz usando-se o substrato FR-4 com espessura de 1.6 mm. Obteve-se dispositivos com áreas aproximadamente 70% menor do que a área do acoplador branch-line convencional operando em 920 MHz e aproximadamente 50% menor do que o acoplador de 2.45 GHz. Os acopladores obtidos foram simulados, fabricados e medidos, mostrando que os seus desempenhos são comparáveis aos dos acopladores convencionais. A técnica desenvolvida neste trabalho é geral o suficiente para ser aplicada ao projeto de outros dispositivos que usem trechos de linhas de transmissão. / This thesis is concerned with the design and implementation of compact hybrid couplers with similar bandwidth and performance to the conventional branch-line coupler. To achieve this, a class of structures, called artificial transmission line (ATL), was used. A new structure of this type, made of three transmission lines connected in cascade, is analyzed and used. Mathematical equations have been derived for the design of this type of structure that can be used to obtain ATLs with an identical scattering matrix, for a given frequency of operation, to that of a transmission line with a given characteristic impedance and electrical length. This technique was applied in the design of microstrip quadrature hybrid couplers for the 920 MHz GSM band and for the 2.45 GHz ISM band using a 1.6 mm-thick FR-4 substrate. These couplers have surface areas approximately 70% smaller than the area of the conventional branch-line coupler operating at 920 MHz and approximately 50% for the 2.45 GHz coupler. The couplers obtained were simulated, manufactured and tested, showing that their performances are comparable to the conventional coupler. The technique developed here is general enough to be applied to the design of other devices using transmission line sections.

This thesis deals with coplanar directional and hybrid couplers. Firstly, the thesis describes the theory of hybrid microwave integrated circuits with their advantages and disadvantages in comparison with other types of microwave circuits. Next, the thesis deals with basic microstrips and individual types of coplanar strips and waveguides are also more closely analyzed. The thesis also explains a theory of directional and hybrid couplers and analyses particular kinds of directionality and attributes of the real directional couplers. The following chapter shows a method of design of a few coplanar directional coupler types. Attributes of the types are then verified in CST Microwave Studio. The last chapter includes measured parameters of the couplers and their comparison with the theoretical values from the previous part. The next aim of the thesis is to create laboratory tasks which deals with coplanar directional couplers. The laboratory task is found in the appendix.

This doctoral thesis is focused on problems of modulators based on six-ports. It begins with description of current state of the art of six-ports used like modulators, their transfer functions and SIW technology. A design part of this thesis consists from experimental six-port based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. There is presented step-by-step development of this six-port using this technology and also there is introduced micro-strip technology based six-port. Final design of six-ports and variable impedances were measured, the results are discussed and compared with expected ones in next chapters. Second part of this thesis deals with influences of internal parameters of six-ports to final signal transmission and derives theirs transfer functions for more than one reflection in structure. The computation results are compared with experimental measurements for fixed loads. With using of ideal loads sweeps, modulations with shaped input signals were calculated. For designed variables impedances, there was founded the optimal biasing points for demanded IQ diagram and discussed which from tested active circuit is suitable. In the last part there are shown results of experiment with these variable loads connected to both types of designed six-ports.