Hydraulic losses in sewer pipes are caused by wall roughness, blockages and in-pipe sedimentation. Hydraulic resistance is a key parameter that is used to account for the hydraulic energy losses and predict the sewer system propensity to flood. Unfortunately, there are no objective methods to measure the hydraulic resistance in live sewers. A common method to estimate the hydraulic resistance of a sewer is to analyse collected CCTV images and then to compare them against a number of suggested hydraulic roughness values published in the Sewer Rehabilitation Manual. This thesis reports on the development of a novel, non-invasive acoustic method and instrumentation to measure the hydraulic roughness in partially filled pipes under various structural and operational conditions objectively. This research presents systematic laboratory and field studies of the hydraulic and surface water wave characteristics, of shallow water flows in a sewer pipes with the presence of local and distributed roughness, in order to relate them to some fundamental properties of the acoustic field measured in the vicinity of the flow surface. The results of this thesis indicate that for the local roughness the energy content of the reflected acoustic signal is an indicator of the pipe head loss and hydraulic roughness. In the case of the distributed roughness, the variation in the temporal and frequency characteristics of the propagated sound wave can be related empirically to the mean flow depth, mean velocity, wave standard deviation and hydraulic roughness.

Hydraulic losses in sewer pipes are caused by wall roughness, blockages and in-pipe sedimentation. Hydraulic resistance is a key parameter that is used to account for the hydraulic energy losses and predict the sewer system propensity to flood. Unfortunately, there are no objective methods to measure the hydraulic resistance in live sewers. A common method to estimate the hydraulic resistance of a sewer is to analyse collected CCTV images and then to compare them against a number of suggested hydraulic roughness values published in the Sewer Rehabilitation Manual. This thesis reports on the development of a novel, non-invasive acoustic method and instrumentation to measure the hydraulic roughness in partially filled pipes under various structural and operational conditions objectively. This research presents systematic laboratory and field studies of the hydraulic and surface water wave characteristics, of shallow water flows in a sewer pipes with the presence of local and distributed roughness, in order to relate them to some fundamental properties of the acoustic field measured in the vicinity of the flow surface. The results of this thesis indicate that for the local roughness the energy content of the reflected acoustic signal is an indicator of the pipe head loss and hydraulic roughness. In the case of the distributed roughness, the variation in the temporal and frequency characteristics of the propagated sound wave can be related empirically to the mean flow depth, mean velocity, wave standard deviation and hydraulic roughness.