Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós–Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2011. / Submitted by Cristiane Gomides (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2013-12-15T09:45:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Janice Goris Garcia.pdf: 702089 bytes, checksum: 1220229f5c1f2087c00596bdbd146af8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by cristiane soares (krikasoares@live.com) on 2013-12-18T17:44:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Janice Goris Garcia.pdf: 702089 bytes, checksum: 1220229f5c1f2087c00596bdbd146af8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-18T17:44:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Janice Goris Garcia.pdf: 702089 bytes, checksum: 1220229f5c1f2087c00596bdbd146af8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Neste trabalho teores de elementos traço As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni e Zn foram determinados no camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis, no cirripédio Balanus improvisus e no mexilhão Perna perna, coletados entre os anos de 2006 e 2010 no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos. Os resultados foram avaliados em função das variações hidrológicas interanuais ocorridas neste estuário e da comparação com resultados anteriores de trabalhos desenvolvidos com estas espécies neste estuário. As cracas inteiras analisadas mostraram-se adequadas ao monitoramento de As, Cd, Pb e Mn, cujos teores relacionaram-se positivamente às concentrações da água estuarina e inversamente à salinidade. Da mesma forma, os mexilhões juvenis apresentaram maiores concentrações de As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Mn e Zn quando o estuário apresentava-se sob condições menos salinas, exibindo o mesmo comportamento destes metais na água. Já os teores de cobre nesses organismos estiveram associados de forma direta à salinidade do estuário. As maiores concentrações de alguns metais nos mexilhões e cracas amostrados no Farol da Conceição, local sem aporte antrópico direto, com relação à região portuária, podem estar relacionadas a um maior aporte de água subterrânea na região de praia. Os resultados obtidos na região do Farol podem ser usados na comparação qualitativa das flutuações de concentrações de metais ocorrentes na região portuária. A análise do camarão inteiro refletiu melhor as condições ambientais do que a fração limpa, com teores de As, Mn, Pb relacionados inversamente à salinidade e teores de cobre relacionados de forma direta a essa variável. A avaliação temporal de metais acumulados nos organismos mostrou uma redução das concentrações da maioria dos elementos analisados, sendo observado um aumento somente nas concentrações de Cd e Zn com relação ao estudo realizado, em mexilhões,há 10 anos, o que também foi observado para o Cd e Pb nas cracas. A avaliação sanitária dos teores de metais em mexilhões e camarões indicou teores de As, Cr e Cu acima dos limites máximos permitidos pela legislação, indicando a relevância da continuidade do estudo da acumulação de elementos por esses organismos para a identificação de possíveis fontes de contaminação. Soma-se a isso a necessidade de se obter um conhecimento mais aprofundado da variabilidade das concentrações metálicas associadas a aportes continentais e a variações biogeoquímicas do estuário e, sobretudo discernir as frações naturais das antrópicas. / In this study concentrations of trace elements As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni and Zn were analyzed in the pink shrimp, barnacles Balanus improvisus and in the mussel Perna perna, sampled between 2006 and 2010 in the Patos Lagoon estuary. The results were evaluated in terms of interannual hydrological variations occurred in this estuary and by comparison with previous data from studies with these species in this estuary. Barnacles total assessed presented to be suitable for monitoring of As, Cd, Pb and Mn, which levels have been correlated positively with concentrations of estuarine water and inversely related to salinity. Likewise, the juvenile mussels showed higher concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Mn and Zn when the estuary is presented under less saline conditions, exhibiting the same behavior of these metals in the water. In contrast, the Cu in these organisms was associated directly with salinity of the estuary. The highest concentrations of some metals in mussels and barnacles sampled in Conceição Lighthouse, place whithout direct anthropogenic contribution, in relation with the port region, it may be related to a major input of groundwater in the coastal area. The data from the region of the Conceição lighthouse can be used in the qualitative comparison of the fluctuations of metal concentrations occurring in the port area. The analysis of whole shrimp reflect better the environmental conditions of the edible part, showed concentrations of As, Mn, Pb inversely related to salinity and concentration of Cu directly related to this variable. Temporal evaluation of metals accumulated in organisms showed a reduction in the concentrations of most elements analyzed. It has been observed an increase only in the concentrations of Cd and Zn in mussels and of Pb in barnacles, compared to the study conducted 10 years ago. The health assessment of the metal levels in mussels and shrimp showed concentrations of As, Cr and Cu exceeded the maximum allowed by law, indicating the relevance of studies related to element accumulation by these organisms in order to identify possible sources of contamination. Furthermore it is necessary to get a deeper understanding of the variability of metal concentrations associated with continental inputs and biogeochemical changes in the estuary and, especially, to discern the nature fraction to the anthropogenic one.

The San Joaquin Valley is part of the Great Central Valley of California, a major agricultural centre and food supplier for the United States. This area has significant water management concerns given the very high water demand for an increasing state population and for intense irrigation in a hot, temperate to semi-arid climate where the overall rate of evapotranspiration (ET) is high, and the overall rate of precipitation is low. Irrigation heavily relies upon groundwater and surface water extractions. Through the historical and current concerns of regional water resources reliability, land surface subsidence, water quality issues, and the health of ecosystems, a need for regional-scale water resource management and planning has developed. The physically-based surface-subsurface HydroGeoSphere (HGS) model is used to examine the regional-scale hydrologic budget of a large portion of the San Joaquin Valley. The objective of this investigation is to develop a steady-state groundwater-surface water model of the San Joaquin Valley representative of predevelopment hydrologic conditions. The groundwater-surface water system has undergone drastic changes since the employment of groundwater and surface water extractions for irrigation and mining, and is still responding to past and present stresses. The only certain stable initial condition must therefore be that of the natural system. The model input parameters were constrained by all relevant available hydrologic data. The model was not calibrated to subsurface hydraulic heads or river flows. However, the model does provide a fair match between simulated and actual estimated water table elevations. Historic river flow estimates were not used to calibrate the model, because data consistent with that collected by Hall (1886) and representative of the natural system were not available. For this investigation, water enters through precipitation and the inflow of major rivers only. The subsurface domain is bounded by no-flow boundaries, and groundwater is therefore only able to exit the subsurface through discharge to surface water features or through ET. Surface water is only able to exit the model through discharge via the San Joaquin River and through ET. Average river inflows circa 1878 to 1884 documented by Hall (1886) were applied where the rivers enter into the valley. The spatially variable average rate of precipitation (years 1971 to 2000) from a PRISM dataset was applied to the top of the model. The spatially variable long term average potential ET rates from the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) et al. (1999) were applied to the top of the model. Averaged overland flow parameters and vegetation factors needed to calculate actual ET were specified at the top of the model based on literature values and the 1874 spatial distribution of natural vegetation provided by California State University at Chico et al. (2003). Hydrogeological data including hydraulic conductivities, porosities, specific storage, and unsaturated zone properties are based on literature values from other relevant studies. The resulting steady state model is therefore characterized by historical long term average data assumed to be representative (as close as possible) of the flow system circa 1848. Results indicate that the natural hydrologic setting of the San Joaquin Valley is a complex one. Complex hydrologic processes, including significant groundwater-surface water interaction along the major rivers and within wetland areas formed by flooded surface water, as well as ET and impacted root zone processes were identified in the model domain. Identification and simulation of the complex recharge and discharge relationships in the model domain sheds insight into the hydrologic nature of some historic natural wetlands. Evapotranspiration is a very significant sink of both surface water and groundwater (44.8 % of the water balance input), and has a major impact on hydrologic processes in the root zone. The presence and path of the major rivers in the domain are well defined in the model output and agree well with their actual locations. The model simulates gaining and losing reaches of the major rivers, replicating the historic recharge-discharge relationship documented by others. The general location, formation, and hydrologic processes of some significant wetlands simulated by the model have a fair agreement with historical records. As mentioned above, there is also a fair match between simulated and actual estimated water table elevations. Successful simulation of the complex hydrologic processes and features that characterize the predevelopment hydrologic conditions of the San Joaquin Valley and that resolve the water balance of the natural system underscores the importance and necessity of using an integrated model. This steady state model should serve as a reasonable initial condition for future transient runs that bring the model up to current hydrologic conditions capable of estimating present and future water budgets.

The San Joaquin Valley is part of the Great Central Valley of California, a major agricultural centre and food supplier for the United States. This area has significant water management concerns given the very high water demand for an increasing state population and for intense irrigation in a hot, temperate to semi-arid climate where the overall rate of evapotranspiration (ET) is high, and the overall rate of precipitation is low. Irrigation heavily relies upon groundwater and surface water extractions. Through the historical and current concerns of regional water resources reliability, land surface subsidence, water quality issues, and the health of ecosystems, a need for regional-scale water resource management and planning has developed. The physically-based surface-subsurface HydroGeoSphere (HGS) model is used to examine the regional-scale hydrologic budget of a large portion of the San Joaquin Valley. The objective of this investigation is to develop a steady-state groundwater-surface water model of the San Joaquin Valley representative of predevelopment hydrologic conditions. The groundwater-surface water system has undergone drastic changes since the employment of groundwater and surface water extractions for irrigation and mining, and is still responding to past and present stresses. The only certain stable initial condition must therefore be that of the natural system. The model input parameters were constrained by all relevant available hydrologic data. The model was not calibrated to subsurface hydraulic heads or river flows. However, the model does provide a fair match between simulated and actual estimated water table elevations. Historic river flow estimates were not used to calibrate the model, because data consistent with that collected by Hall (1886) and representative of the natural system were not available. For this investigation, water enters through precipitation and the inflow of major rivers only. The subsurface domain is bounded by no-flow boundaries, and groundwater is therefore only able to exit the subsurface through discharge to surface water features or through ET. Surface water is only able to exit the model through discharge via the San Joaquin River and through ET. Average river inflows circa 1878 to 1884 documented by Hall (1886) were applied where the rivers enter into the valley. The spatially variable average rate of precipitation (years 1971 to 2000) from a PRISM dataset was applied to the top of the model. The spatially variable long term average potential ET rates from the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) et al. (1999) were applied to the top of the model. Averaged overland flow parameters and vegetation factors needed to calculate actual ET were specified at the top of the model based on literature values and the 1874 spatial distribution of natural vegetation provided by California State University at Chico et al. (2003). Hydrogeological data including hydraulic conductivities, porosities, specific storage, and unsaturated zone properties are based on literature values from other relevant studies. The resulting steady state model is therefore characterized by historical long term average data assumed to be representative (as close as possible) of the flow system circa 1848. Results indicate that the natural hydrologic setting of the San Joaquin Valley is a complex one. Complex hydrologic processes, including significant groundwater-surface water interaction along the major rivers and within wetland areas formed by flooded surface water, as well as ET and impacted root zone processes were identified in the model domain. Identification and simulation of the complex recharge and discharge relationships in the model domain sheds insight into the hydrologic nature of some historic natural wetlands. Evapotranspiration is a very significant sink of both surface water and groundwater (44.8 % of the water balance input), and has a major impact on hydrologic processes in the root zone. The presence and path of the major rivers in the domain are well defined in the model output and agree well with their actual locations. The model simulates gaining and losing reaches of the major rivers, replicating the historic recharge-discharge relationship documented by others. The general location, formation, and hydrologic processes of some significant wetlands simulated by the model have a fair agreement with historical records. As mentioned above, there is also a fair match between simulated and actual estimated water table elevations. Successful simulation of the complex hydrologic processes and features that characterize the predevelopment hydrologic conditions of the San Joaquin Valley and that resolve the water balance of the natural system underscores the importance and necessity of using an integrated model. This steady state model should serve as a reasonable initial condition for future transient runs that bring the model up to current hydrologic conditions capable of estimating present and future water budgets.