Energy and nutrient intake from congregate meals (CM), noncongregate meals (NCM) and total daily intake (TDI) was studied for differences associated with age, income, education, marital status, gender, race, vitamin-mineral supplementation, Body Mass Index, Health Assessment, Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL).TDI was less than 100 percent of Recommended Dietary Allowances for energy, vitamin B6, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Men, single and divorced subjects, and those most educated had significantly greatest intake for various nutrients from CM and TDI; widows had the least. Racial effect was mixed. Young-old had greatest intakes from NCM and TDI. High intake from CM plus NCM did not make TDI adequate.CM was significantly associated with transportation (IADL) and walking (ADL). Those with some problems had lowest nutrient intakes; those with none, the greatest. For toileting (ADL), NCM and TDI intakes were greatest for those with considerable difficulty; lowest for those with some. / Department of Home Economics

The problem of this study was to examine the relationship between physical activity patterns and health-related quality of life in college students. A non-experimental, cross-sectional survey design was used to address the problem of the study. Four-hundred-eighty-nine students enrolled in Health Science 160, "Fundamentals of Human Health," participated in the study. The 12-item instrument consisted of an assessment of physical activity patterns and health related quality of life (HRQoL), as well as demographic questions.Data were analyzed using two different statistical techniques. Chi-square tests were used to determine differences between those participants that met CDC physical activity recommendations and those who did not meet the recommendations with regards to the following variables: age, sex, class standing, enrollment status, race/ethnicity, academic major, and self-rated health. T-tests were used to determine if the aspects of HRQoL (i.e., physical unhealthy days, mental unhealthy days, activity limited days, and the Healthy Days Index) were significantly different between the activity groups.The results indicated that those who met the recommended levels of physical activity were more likely to rate their health good, very good, or excellent. They also had significantly fewer mentally unhealthy days and activity limited days, and more healthy days based on the Healthy Days Index. Those who did not meet the recommendations were more likely to rate their health fair or poor. Age, race/ethnicity, sex, class standing, being a full-time student, and being enrolled in a health-related major were not significantly associated with meeting physical activity standards. / Department of Physiology and Health Science

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of restrained eating behavior on dietary calcium intake in adolescents. Research shows that female adolescents have lower calcium intake then males. Research also suggests that dieting has a negative impact on the dietary intake of several nutrients, including calcium.A random sample of adolescents from physical education and health classes at Muncie Central High School, a mid-western urban public school, participated in this study. Subjects completed one 24 hour food record, a modified three-factor eating questionnaire to assess dietary restraint, and demographic sheet.Of the 85 subjects (females n=60; males n=25) who participated in the study, 65% (n=56) did not meet the dietary calcium recommendations of 1300 mg/day. Among females, 75% (n=45) did not meet calcium recommendations. For males, 44% (n=11) did not meet the daily calcium recommendations. Mean calcium intake for females and males respectively was 1121 ± 939 mg/day and 1632 ±1242 mg/day.Seventy-five percent of all subjects had low to average dietary restraint. A greater percentage of females (17%, n=10; 15%, n=9) than males (4%, n=1; 4%, n=1) were found to have high and clinical levels of dietary restraint. Interestingly, the mean calcium intake for those males and females having clinical levels of dietary restraint did meet calcium recommendations (1403 mg/day and 1341 ± 829 mg/day). For females, the mean calcium intake for both low to average and high dietary restraint did not meet calcium requirements. For males, mean calcium intake among all levels of restraint met the recommendations. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

The purpose of this study was to identify college students' health-promoting lifestyle behaviors and to identify differences in these behaviors among various groups of university students living in different residence halls. The subjects who participated in this study were students randomly selected from six wellness residence halls and six traditional residence halls. Of the 200 subjects randomly selected from the two groups, 121 (61%) students completed both the pre and posttest Health Promoting Lifestyle Profiles (HPLP). The wellness and traditional residence hall subjects' pre and posttests were not significantly different from each other. As a result of living in residence halls, the subjects' from both wellness and traditional halls scores on the HPLP increased significantly from pre to posttest. Univariate analyses of variance on the separate dependent variables found significant differences between residence halls for health responsibility. Also, as a result of living in residence halls, the subjects (both wellness and traditional hall) health responsibility scores significantly improved from pre to posttest. An analysis of variance was also used to analyze the effects that the demographic variables had on both the wellness and the traditional residence halls' pretest, posttest, and changes within each sample. / Institute for Wellness

Introduction: The Hawthorne effect, or behaviour change due to awareness of being observed, is believed to inflate directly observed hand hygiene compliance rates, but evidence is limited. Methods: A real-time location system tracked hospital hand hygiene auditors and recorded alcohol-based hand rub and soap dispenses. Rates of hand hygiene events per dispenser per hour within sight of auditors were compared to dispensers not exposed to auditors. Results: The event rate in dispensers visible to auditors (3.75/dispenser/hour) was significantly higher than unexposed dispensers at the same time (1.48) and in prior weeks (1.07). The rate increased significantly when auditors were present compared to five minutes prior to arrival. There were no significant changes inside patient rooms. Conclusions: Hand hygiene event rates increase in hallways when auditors are visible and the increase occurs after the auditors’ arrival, consistent with the existence of a Hawthorne effect localized to areas where auditors are visible.

This thesis examines inter-relationships between the feeding, health, and growth of infants (aged 0-24 months) in low-income households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Mixed-longitudinal data were collected from a sample of 113 infants and their mothers in Kebele 11, Keftegna 24 from November 1987 to April 1988. Breastfeeding is the culturally esteemed mode of infant feeding. The culture-specific concept of weaning places the emphasis on the termination of breastfeeding, with little consideration of the quality and quantity of weaning foods. As a result, weaning foods are basic and monotonous. Survival data analysis shows that weaning is commenced at the mean age of 9.2 months, and completed at the median age of 20 months. A probabilistic model is proposed that includes a set of inter-related 'infant-centred', 'mother-centred', and other factors such as the seasonal availability of weaning foods influencing the process of weaning. Culturally-prescribed norms appear to play little or no part in the timing of weaning, in particular, the infant's age is of secondary importance. Direct observations of suckling behaviour and infant care reveal that 'on demand' breastfeeding was practised, and the mean duration of suckling sessions was 10.96 minutes. The duration of breastfeeding was influenced significantly by maternal body-mass index. Seasonal patterns were detected in the prevalence of fever, coughing, and vomiting in the infants. Associations between morbidity and other data using log-linear models suggest that infant's diarrhoea is closely linked to the level of household hygiene, maternal education, and mother's morale. Infant's ilnesses caused appreciable deficits in weight, but not in stature. Processes of 'catch-up' and 'catch-down' growth are demonstrated by the seasonal effect of diarrhoeal illness on weight. Avenues for further research and policy reform suggested by the findings of this study are discussed.

The present study applied a combined behavioural and attitudinal approach in occupational safety in a Hong Kong-based metal house in Shenzhen, China in an attempt to modify the safety behaviours and attitudes of the workers by means of posted feedback plus goal-setting. To the best of the researcher's knowledge, this is the first study of this type to be attempted in a Chinese industrial setting. A total of 142 respondents from the four departments, namely Heavy Duty, Small Press, Hand Press and Drilling were involved in the survey with a multiple-based line design for an environment where random sampling was impossible. Meanwhile, the study also intended to explore the underlying factors that affected the safety attitudes of the respondents. These factors included influences from traditional culture and religions. A self-constructed observation checklist and a questionnaire adopted from the Health and Safety Executive Report No. 81 (HSE, 1996) on attitude investigation were the major research instruments. Percentaged analysis, ANOVA, T-Test and Fisher Exact Test set at 0.05 level were applied to determine the significance of differences in the workers' behaviours and attitudes before and after the intervention. From the results of the research, it was found that i) there were relationships between the workers' behaviours in occupational safety and posted-feedback plus goal-setting in the Heavy-duty Press, Small Press and Hand Press Departments; ii) there were relationships between the intervention and the workers' attitudes in terms of -'Supervisor Satisfaction' in the Heavy Duty and the Small Press Departments; -'Shop-floor Training' with the Heavy Duty Press and the Small Press Departments; -'Safety Meeting' with the Small Press Department; -' Safety Working Procedures' with the Heavy Duty Press and the Small Press Departments; iii) the results demonstrated that there were relationships between attitudes of the formally trained workers and those of their peer workers without formal training towards occupational safety in terms of -'Supervisor Satisfaction' with the Heavy Duty Press Department; -'Safety Meeting' with the Heavy Duty Press Department; -' Safety Working Procedures' with the Small Press department; iv) there were relationships between workers with self-reported accident rates and those without in terms of their safety attitudes towards -'Supervisor Knowledge' with the Heavy Duty Press Department; -'Shop-floor Satisfaction' with the Heavy Duty Press Department; -'Shop-floor Environment: Hardware' with the Small Press Department. Intervention was related to both the workers' attitudes and their behaviours in work safety in the Heavy-duty Press, the Small Press and the Hand Press departments. Throughout the investigation, no significant change was found with both the respondents' safety behaviours or attitudes in the Drilling Department during the periods when interventions were introduced to other departments. Concerning the controlling factors for the workers' attitudes towards work safety, cultural and religious factors could explain the workers' under-reporting of accidents and injuries. These findings implied that researchers needed to be aware of the tremendous local cultural and religious concerns when applying western rationales to constructing a safety culture in developing countries.

This descriptive study was conducted in the State of Bahrain using: firstly, a questionnaire for students in the final year of their school education, together with a similar questionnaire for their parents, teachers and all Bahraini health promoters; secondly, focus group interviews; thirdly, hazard analyses critical control point (HACCP) model and a checklist to assess schools' canteen, and finally, an evaluation of school's textbooks and health education materials. The study was designed to answer three principal research questions: 1. Do Bahrainis have appropriate knowledge, healthy beliefs and opinions which will empower them to control food poisoning; 2. Are the canteen environments and the practices within the canteens supportive to health; 3. Do school textbooks and health education materials empower the community in food safety? This study describes for the first time the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs of students, parents, teachers, and health promoters in food safety and HACCP in schools and TLMs and linked these three areas to suggest empowering control measures. The results of this study indicate that future health promotion programmes should start at primary school level and teachers need to be further trained in environmental health issues. Canteen environment, and practices need to be further addressed by authorities. Particular attention should be focused on the critical control points which are the time of preparation, transportation, storage and temperature control during display of foods. There is a need for providing appropriate resources which influence learning and community empowerment. Recommendations also suggested the implementation of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion which mobilises all the community, resources and the media.

No description available.

This thesis explores the tensions between policy and practice in community participation in Health Improvement Programmes (HImPs). The HImP is used as a vehicle through which partnership working and public participation is health planning in the ‘new NHS’ may be explained, The literature review discusses key theories and models of community participation, power and policy implementation which informed the development of my key research questions and strategy. A review of the global, national and local influences upon a community participation in health planning is supplemented with primary research in the form of a detailed case study of one locality’s response to the national requirement to involve the public in the development of their HImP. A multi-method case study was employed using the following methods of data collection: observation, interviews, questionnaires and documentary analysis. The research presented identifies a number of issues as significant in affecting a locality’s approach to public participation, including: power; the organisational cultures(s) within the HImP partnership; the attitudes and capacity of those charged with developing participatory activities; and the impact of national priorities on local flexibility to respond to community identified priorities. The application of Alford’s (1975) structural interests theory to the findings provides a useful framework for assessing power relations and understanding why the HImP fails to represent community interests in the way that had been hoped. A number of recommendations are made to facilitate participation in health planning in the future, including: the need to address the national culture of risk avoidance; the need for better training in public participation skills for personnel charged with developing participatory opportunities; and the need for a mandatory performance framework related to community participation as a mechanism to ensure that participation issues are given the same attention as other nationally monitored issues.