Zigbee is a relatively new wireless mesh networking standard with emphasis on low cost and energy conservation. It is intended to be used in wireless monitoring and control applications such as sensors and remotely operated switches where the end devices are battery powered. Because it is a recent technology there is not sufficient understanding on how network architecture and configuration affect power consumption of the battery powered devices. This research investigates the power consumption and delivery ratio of Zigbee wireless mesh and star networks for a single sink real time monitoring system at varying traffic rates and the beacon and non beacon mode operation of its underlying standard IEEE 802.15.4 in the star network architecture. To evaluate the performance of Zigbee, the network operation was simulated using the simulation tool NS-2. NS-2 is capable of simulating the entire network operation including traffic generation and energy consumption of each node in the network. After first running the simulation it was obvious that there were problems in the configuration of the simulator as well as some unexpected behaviour. After performing several modifications to the simulator the results improved significantly. To validate the operation of the simulator and to give insight on the operation of Zigbee, a real Zigbee wireless network was constructed and the same experiments that were conducted on the simulator were repeated on the Zigbee network. The research showed that the modified simulator produced good results that were close to the experimental results. It was found that the non beacon mode of operation had the lowest power consumption and best delivery ratio at all tested traffic rates. The operation of Zigbee mesh and star networks were compared to the results for IEEE 802.15.4 star networks in non beacon mode which revealed that the extra routing traffic sent by the Zigbee networking layers does contribute significantly to the power consumption, however even with the extra routing traffic, power consumption is still so low that it the battery life of the device would be limited by the shelf life of the battery, not by the energy consumption of the device. This research has successfully achieved its objectives and identified areas for future development. The simulator model for NS-2 could be improved to further increase the accuracy of the results as well as include the Zigbee routing layers and the experimental results could be improved by a more accurate power consumption data acquisition method.

Submitted by Lucelia Lucena (lucelia.lucena@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-06T19:14:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO David John Freitas Fraga.pdf: 2916605 bytes, checksum: e406ab0a5e4df8243c836c3e46fc3925 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-06T19:14:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO David John Freitas Fraga.pdf: 2916605 bytes, checksum: e406ab0a5e4df8243c836c3e46fc3925 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-08 / As redes de sensores sem fio estão sendo cada vez mais utilizadas em várias áreas, dentre elas comerciais, industriais e ambientais. A maior capacidade de processamento e o baixo custo dos dispositivos tornam essa área mais difundida. Em ambientes industriais deve-se levar em conta o contexto em que essa rede será aplicada. Várias instituições investem na produção de novas especificações que atendam esses requisitos, dentre elas a HFC (HART Communication Foundation) que especifica o padrão WirelessHART. Com a popularização desse padrão se tornam necessários trabalhos que avaliem o desempenho dessas redes, através de estudos de caso e cenários onde seja avaliado o seu comportamento com e sem interferência e em diferentes configurações. Essa dissertação apresenta uma rede WirelessHART, avaliando o seu comportamento, em um experimento prático, desde a sua formação até a indução de interferência Wi-Fi e algumas configurações que possam melhorar ou prejudicar o desempenho dessa rede. A experimentação nos mostra o quanto a rede WirelessHART pode ser robusta e que algumas limitações deverão ser consideradas na sua utilização.

In order to implement wireless sensing and monitoring services at large scale, Internet connection is highly desirable. Particularly, TCP is indispensable for end-to-end connection orientated communication. It is well known that low power and low rate IEEE802.15.4 based Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are vulnerable to the interference from collocated Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) utilizing the same un-licensed 2.4GHz frequency band. Such coexistence interference seriously deteriorates the performance of TCP/IPv6 over WSN, resulting in packet losses, disconnections, reduced throughput and so on. This thesis focuses on experimental research on the performance evaluation and improvement of TCP/IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 based WSN. In this research, a versatile testbed has been developed and implemented, which consists of off-the-selves and custom built hardware, open source and in-house developed firmware and software. A periodical monitoring/sensing application that uses TCP to transmit data over WSN has been developed and used for performance evaluation when there is various Wi-Fi interference close by. Based on the observations and analysis of our experimental results, several important parameters that impact the TCP packet transmission performance have been identified. Performance improvement technique is proposed to effectively adjust these parameters so as to support periodic monitoring/sensing application with substantial better performance. Extensive experiments have been performed in the testbed to evaluate the performance of WSN packets transmission via TCP over WSN when subjected to different Wi-Fi interference.

El trabajo realizado buscó unir los campos de redes inalámbricas de sensores y dispositivos móviles. El primero dada la riqueza de información y facilidad de despliegue de estas redes. El segundo, en relación a las grandes ventajas de dispositivos portados por los usuarios (ej. información constantemente disponible), existiendo casos de uso que podrían beneficiarse de la funcionalidad conjunta (ej. telemedicina). El objetivo fue desarrollar e implementar un sistema que comunicara nodos inalámbricos, algunos de los cuales sensaran variables de interés, mientras que otros monitorearan las mismas. El diseño se basó en la plataforma BUG, de BugLabs Inc., un start-up tecnológico de New York, USA. Esto pues se consideró de gran interés la filosofía propuesta por esta empresa: computadores compactos (posiblemente móviles) de arquitectura modular (el hardware se construye mediante la adición de módulos). El foco de esta plataforma es el prototipaje rápido de otros dispositivos. La solución propuesta incluye Nodos Sensores y Monitores Móviles, ambos elaborados con BUGs pero con distintos módulos. Los Nodos Sensores cuentan con adquisición de señales análogas y también conexión USB. El mismo módulo es usado en los Monitores Móviles (por esta última funcionalidad), además de una pantalla que constituye la interfaz con el usuario. La comunicación inalámbrica entre nodos se realiza mediante módems externos. Estos módems (radios XBee) implementan el protocolo IEEE 802.15.4, que fue desarrollado especialmente para uso en redes de sensores. Sus características son bajo consumo de potencia y facilidad en el establecimiento de redes sin necesidad de otro hardware (redes ad-hoc). Se utiliza una topología en estrella, requiriéndose de un coordinador. Luego de simples configuraciones iniciales, la red se establece automáticamente y el monitor (o monitores) recibe muestras de los sensores conectados a la red, las cuales despliega en la pantalla y almacena en memoria. Debido a problemas con las versiones preliminares del hardware disponible, el sistema fue probado emulando los nodos en un computador convencional, pero utilizando una interfaz de aire real (se conectaron varios XBee al computador). Se definió un protocolo de pruebas, obteniéndose resultados positivos ante cada evento. Se plantea como trabajo a futuro la realización de pruebas en terreno y el añadir funcionalidades de actuación además de monitoreo.

In the master’s thesis IEEE 802.15.4 Range measurements I want to find out, whether atmospheric conditions have influence over the quality of communication between two ZigBee modules. I would like found the answer by long-time test, because I can’t found the proper place for the measuring, I must found the answer in the literature. In the second part of the master’s thesis I measuring, whether placing one of the module in the car have influence over the quality of communication. The module was placing in the various places in the car, on a dashboard, on a guest-passenger’s seat, in a pocket before guest-passenger and in luggage compartment. The car for the measuring was used Renaul Scénic my. 2004.

The diploma thesis includes the ZigBee networks and compares them with other PAN IEEE 802.15.4 networks. It describes the formation of ZigBee networks. It describes physical, MAC, network and application layer in the form of Bitcloud. Thesis includes practical implementation in the form of ZigBee application BeeCon which allows set network parameters on Iris modules.

The aim of this thesis is to design and implement modules for wireless sensor network ZigBee. These modules could communicate together and share information about measured values. The network will be managed by coordinator of network, which will process data from sensor modules and will decide about next steps around the network.

Internet of Things (IoT) has drawn much attention in recent years. With IoT, physical world entities get connected through internet. IoT is used currently in various applications, such as environmental monitoring, control systems, farming, home automation, security and surveillance systems etc. The aim of this research is to design a low-cost, energy-efficient, reliable and scalable embedded application for the smart greenhouse monitoring system. The IoT based system designed in this thesis uses various sensors to measure the air and soil quality parameters in the greenhouse, and monitor real-time data online using web-server and mobile phone based applications. A ZigBee based wireless sensor network is implemented to transport various sensory data to the gateway. Among other contributions, the designed system develops a new routing algorithm by introducing a confirmed delivery of packets and re-routing features. We also introduced an efficient cost metric for making routing decisions within WSN using hops count, and simple bi-directional link quality estimator using PRR and current battery voltage of neighbor nodes. We also verified the stability of the system by conducting various performance tests. The system is equipped with data analytic functions for the online examination of the data. The designed system adopts event-based triggering and data aggregation methods to reduce the number of transmissions, and develops a new algorithm for such purpose. The web-server and mobile applications have user interface to display the output of the data analytic services, warning, control operations and give access to query data of the user's interest.

Software Defined Radio (SDR) is a growing technology that allows radio communication to become interoperable. SDR can lower the cost for a particular hardware radio to communicate with another radio that uses a different standard. In order to show the capability of SDR, this thesis shows how to implement IEEE 802.14.5, a low-rate wireless personal area network (LR-WPAN) standard, on a standalone embedded machine. The implementation is done using a universal software radio peripheral embedded, USRP E100, an open source software development toolkit for SDR, GNU Radio, and UCLA ZigBee PHY GNU Radio application. The implementation can be done on the regular non-embedded USRPs. However, without a fast host computer demodulating the packets, the USRP E100 cannot receive incoming packets. An available FPGA is used to solve this problem by doing a software-hardware hybrid design to allow the USRP E100 to communicate with other IEEE 802.15.4 devices. The final product is an IEEE 802.15.4 monitor software that detects messages from devices communicating using IEEE 802.15.4 in its range. In addition, recommendations are presented for improving SDR education and training, particularly for developers with backgrounds in disciplines other than communications engineering. / Master of Science

Le cadre de cette thèse est l'étude des systèmes contrôlés en réseau sans fil (SCRSF) qui utilise la technologie IEEE 802.15.4. Le premier objectif est d'étudier la pertinence de l'utilisation du réseau de type IEEE 802.15.4 pour les SCRSF puis de proposer et d'évaluer des mécanismes pour garantir la Qualité de Service (QdS) offerte par le réseau au système contrôlé. Nous analysons l'utilisation des slots temporels réservés (GTS) dans le cadre des SCRSF et les contraintes qui en découlent. De plus, nous proposons des mécanismes de gestion de la QdS avec priorité aussi bien pour le mode avec balise que pour le mode sans balise du protocole IEEE 802.15.4. Ces propositions ont été validées par des simulations et une partie de manière analytique. Notre deuxième objectif est de concevoir, d'une manière conjointe, les SCRSF pour pouvoir régler en ligne la QdS offerte par le réseau en fonction de la Qualité de Contrôle (QdC) du système contrôlé. Nous proposons des protocoles d'adaptation en ligne de la QdS du réseau qui prennent en compte la QdC du système contrôlé. Ces protocoles ont été validés par simulations et une implémentation réelle de chacun d'eux est proposée / In this thesis, we study wireless networked control systems (WNCS) which use the IEEE 802.15.4 technology. The first objective is to study the pertinence of the use of the IEEE 802.15.4 for the WNCS, then to propose and evaluate QoS management mechanisms which guarantee the Quality of Service (QoS) offered by network to the controlled system. We analyse the use of the guaranteed temporel slots (GTS) for WNCS and in which conditions it is possible. We propose QoS management mechanisms with priority for both the beacon enabled mode and the non-beacon enabled mode of the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol. These proposals are validated through simulations and partially with analytical approach. The second objective is to design the WNCS so that the QoS offered by the network is adated online depending on the Quality of Control (QoC) on the controlled system. We propose QoS online adaptation protocols which take as parameter the QoC of the system. These protocols are validated through simulations and a realistic implementation of them is proposed