Ce travail de thèse vise à l’identification des voies de signalisation cellulaires responsables de la régulation de l’expression des gènes humains DUOX dans la thyroïde. Les protéines DUOX1 et DUOX2 sont exprimées à la membrane apicale du thyrocyte, grâce à leur facteur de maturation DUOXA, et participent à la synthèse des hormones thyroïdiennes à travers la génération de peroxyde d’hydrogène. Les voies de signalisation et les facteurs de transcription contrôlant l’expression des gènes DUOX ne sont pas clairement définis dans les thyroïdes humaines et murines mais plusieurs études ont démontré une augmentation de leur expression via des cytokines inflammatoires dans des lignées cellulaires humaines. L’existence de cytokines susceptibles de réguler positivement l’expression des DUOX dans les thyrocytes a grandement suscité notre intérêt. En effet, il importe de comprendre les mécanismes responsables de leur expression car les protéines DUOX sont de plus en plus associées à des cancers et des maladies inflammatoires chroniques. Dans ce travail de recherche, il a été mis en évidence que les cytokines de type Th2 interleukine-4 et interleukine-13 augmentent la production de peroxyde d’hydrogène dans les thyrocytes humains en culture primaire suite à une induction des protéines DUOX2 et DUOXA2. L’interleukine-4 augmente aussi l’expression des couples de gènes Duox1/Duoxa1 et Duox2/Duoxa2 dans les thyrocytes murins, générant ainsi plus de peroxyde d’hydrogène. La stimulation par l’interleukine-4 et l’interleukine-13 dans les thyrocytes humains est dépendante du récepteur IL4RII et de l’activation de la voie de signalisation JAK1/STAT6. L’effet de l’interleukine-4 est contrecarré par la cytokine de type Th1 interféron-ɣ et est associée à une augmentation de l’expression de la protéine SOCS-1 qui bloque la fonction du facteur de transcription STAT6. L’induction de l’expression des gènes DUOX2/DUOXA2 dans des thyroïdes provenant de patients atteints de la maladie de Graves où le taux d’interleukine-4 sérique est susceptible d’être augmenté n’a pas pu être mise en évidence.In vitro, la mise en culture primaire affecte l’état de différenciation des thyrocytes murins ;en effet l’expression des marqueurs de la fonction thyroïdienne Nis, Tpo, Duox2 et Duoxa2 est diminuée, ce qui n’est pas le cas pour les gènes Duox1 et Duoxa1. Nous avons alors été convaincus de poursuivre l’étude de la régulation des Duox dans un système in vivo. Nous avons généré une nouvelle souris transgénique Thyr-IL-4, dans la souche C57BL/6J, surexprimant spécifiquement l’interleukine-4 dans la thyroïde. Deux lignées indépendantes de souris transgéniques ont été analysées. La souris Thyr-IL-4 a un phénotype euthyroïdien bien que la morphologie de ses follicules thyroïdiens soit altérée par une augmentation inattendue de leur taille. L’analyse du profil d’expression des gènes montre une forte induction de Duox1, Duoxa1 et Slc26a4 (Pendrine) dans les thyroïdes transgéniques ;il n’y a pas de modification de l’expression des gènes Duox2 et Duoxa2, tandis que l’expression du marqueur thyroïdien Slc5a5 (Nis) est diminuée. La surexpression de Duox1 est liée à une augmentation de la production de peroxyde d’hydrogène dans les tissus thyroïdiens transgéniques ex vivo, sans engendrer de dégâts cellulaires in vivo. Nous montrons pour la première fois la régulation de l’expression du gène et de la protéine Pendrine par l’interleukine-4 dans la thyroïde. La diminution de l’expression de Nis est associée à une diminution de captation de l’iode par les thyrocytes et du taux de thyroglobuline liée aux hormones thyroïdiennes T3 et T4 dans les thyroïdes transgéniques. Ces modifications d’expression de marqueurs thyroïdiens n’induisent pas un phénotype hypothyroïdien mais les souris jeunes Thyr-IL-4 sont plus susceptibles que les souris sauvages à développer une hypothyroïdie lorsqu’elles sont carencées en iode. Enfin nous n’observons pas d’infiltration leucocytaire majeure chez nos souris, pourtant l’expression de gènes impliqués dans des voies de signalisation immunitaires est augmentée. Suite à l’induction d’une réaction immunitaire dirigée contre le récepteur de la TSH, nous avons observé une réponse inflammatoire plus marquée dans les souris Thyr-IL-4 par rapport aux souris sauvages caractérisée par une infiltration leucocytaire CD45+ plus importante. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The adaptive arm of the immune system is necessary for facial motoneuron (FMN) survival after facial nerve axotomy (FNA). CD4+ T cells mediate FMN survival after FNA in an interleukin-10 (IL-10) dependent manner, but are not themselves the cellular source of neuroprotective IL-10. The aims of this study are to elucidate the neuroprotective capacity of cell-specific IL-10 expression, and to investigate the manner in which CD4+ T cells participate in IL-10 signaling after FNA. Immunohistochemistry revealed that FMN themselves were constitutive producers of IL-10, and astrocytes were induced to make IL-10 after FNA. Il10 mRNA co-localized with microglia before and after axotomy, but microglial production of IL-10 protein was not detected. To determine whether any single source of IL-10 is critical for FMN survival, Cre/Lox mouse strains were utilized to selectively knock out IL-10 in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. In agreement with the localization data reflecting concerted IL-10 production by multiple cell types, no single cellular source of IL-10 was necessary for FMN survival. Gene expression analysis of wild-type, immunodeficient, and immune cell-reconstituted animals was performed to determine the role of the immune system in modulating the central IL-10 signaling cascade. This revealed that CD4+ T cells were necessary for full upregulation of central IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) expression after FNA, regardless of their own IL-10R beta (IL-10RB) expression or IL-10R signaling capability. Surprisingly, the ability of CD4+ T cells to respond to IL-10 was critical for their ability to mediate neuroprotection. Adoptive transfer of IL-10RB-deficient T cells resulted in increased central expression of genes associated with microglial activation, antigen presentation, T cell co-stimulation, and complement deposition in response to injury. These data suggest that IL-10RB functions on the T cell to prevent non-neuroprotective immune activation after axotomy. The conclusions drawn from this study support a revised hypothesis for the mechanisms of IL-10-mediated neuroprotection, in which IL-10 serves both trophic and immune-modulating roles after axotomy. This research has implications for the development of immune-modifying therapies for peripheral nerve injury and motoneuron diseases. / 2 years (2021-05-24)

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Mental health is crucially linked to social behavior. A crucial aspect of healthy social behavior involves learning to adapt emotional responses to social cues, for example learning to suppress anxiety through social familiarity, or social familiarity induced anxiolysis (SoFiA). SoFiA is well documented; however, the neural mechanisms of SoFiA are unclear. SoFiA is modeled in rats by employing a social interaction habituation (SI-hab) protocol. Using SI-hab protocol it has been determined that SoFiA represents social safety learning, which requires both anxiogenic stimulus (Anx) and social familiarity (SF) during training sessions (5-6 daily SI sessions), and SoFiA expression is dependent on infralimbic cortex (IL). Based on these findings we hypothesize that Anx and SF are processed by unique neural systems, and repeated convergence of these signals interact within IL to induce plasticity, resulting in social safety learning and anxiolysis. Following SoFiA expression, rats were either sacrificed 30 minutes {for gene expression or Neural Activity Regulated Gene (NARG) analysis} or perfused 90 minutes (for cFos immunoreactivity analysis) after SI session on social training day 5. This led to gaining insights into regions of brain involved in SoFiA response as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. We identified amygdala, specifically the central amygdala (CeA), basomedial amygdala (BMA) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) as potential candidate regions in SoFiA response. Next, we investigated the role of IL and its efferent pathways in SoFiA expression using inhibitory DREADDs and intersectional chemogenetics to inhibit IL projection neurons and/or axons. We identified that specific projection neurons within the IL are pivotal for SoFiA expression, and that within these projections, the ones that specifically projected to the amygdala are most crucial for expression of SoFiA. / 2021-07-01

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第18849号 / 医博第3960号 / 新制||医||1007(附属図書館) / 31800 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 三森 経世, 教授 坂井 義治, 教授 長澤 丘司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20254号 / 医博第4213号 / 新制||医||1020(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 武藤 学, 教授 川上 浩司, 教授 生田 宏一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21135号 / 農博第2261号 / 新制||農||1057(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H30||N5109(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 松井 徹, 教授 久米 新一, 教授 廣岡 博之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

No description available.

Crohn’s disease (CD) is an inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract attributed to an aberrant immune response to environmental and microbial triggers. Individuals with CD exhibit an enrichment of pro-inflammatory strains of Adherent-Invasive E. coli (AIEC) and often report a relapse of symptoms following a period of acute psychological stress. Despite a known immunosuppressive role, the mechanism by which stress contributes toward the development and progression of intestinal inflammation remains unknown. Here, we use a well characterized model of restraint stress to investigate the influence of psychological stress on host protection against a CD-associated strain of AIEC. We found that stress results in profound intestinal dysbiosis, allowing for a complete dominance of Enterobacteriaceae. Interestingly, while stress alone drives a state of low-grade inflammation and loss of barrier integrity in the gut, in the presence of a pathobiont strain of AIEC, stress drives a substantially heightened inflammatory response which exacerbated the resultant loss of barrier integrity. Moreover, we have found stress induces an augmented nutritional immune response, providing AIEC a competitive niche against commensal bacteria lacking alternative methods of iron uptake. Further, we see that stress-induced glucocorticoids mediate broad apoptosis of the CD45+CD90+ lymphocytic population in the gut. The loss of this population prevents an appropriate IL-22 mediated response to dysbiosis. Accordingly, blocking glucocorticoid signalling or exogenous administration of IL-22 prevents the stress-induced expansion of AIEC. This work underscores the complex nature of psychological stress such that the combination of iron limitation and glucocorticoid mediated immune attrition are simultaneously required for the stress-induced expansion of AIEC. These findings present novel insight into the mechanistic consequences of glucocorticoid signalling on impaired immune function and the provision of an inflammatory environment, resulting in a distinct impact on CD susceptibility. As such, deeper insight regarding the complex underpinnings of CD will assist in efforts to design representative models and will strengthen the discovery of targeted therapeutics. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Crohn’s disease (CD) is an inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract resulting from an exaggerated immune response. CD patients often report a relapse of symptoms following a period of psychological stress and are at an increased likelihood of having pro-inflammatory strains of E. coli within their gut. Here, we use a model of restraint stress to investigate how psychological stress modulates the abundance of bacterial species associated with CD. We found stress results in the limitation of essential nutrients, allowing for an outgrowth of E. coli. Further, stress hormones lead to the loss of a protective immune response in which E. coli expansion can be prevented by blocking these hormones or restoring immune signalling. Together, we conclude that stress leads to immune cell death and creates an iron limited environment that favours E. coli expansion. Such work begins to uncover the functional consequence of stress and its’ role in disease progression.

Obesity is linked to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-a (PPARa) regulates lipid metabolism. Cytochrome P-450 2A5 (CYP2A5) is a potential antioxidant and CYP2A5 induction by ethanol is CYP2E1 dependent. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and steatosis are more severe in CYP2A5 knockout (cyp2a5 -/- ) mice than in wild-type mice although PPARa is elevated in cyp2a5 -/- mice. To examine why the upregulated PPARa failed to prevent the enhanced steatosis in cyp2a5 -/- mice, we abrogate the upregulated PPARa in cyp2a5 -/- mice by cross-breeding cyp2a5 -/- mice with PPARa knockout (ppara-/- ) mice to create ppara-/- /cyp2a5 -/- mice. The ppara-/- /cyp2a5 -/- mice, ppara-/- mice, and cyp2a5 -/- mice were fed HFD to induce steatosis. After HFD feeding, more severe steatosis was developed in ppara-/- /cyp2a5 -/- mice than in ppara-/- mice and cyp2a5 -/- mice. The ppara-/- /cyp2a5 -/- mice and ppara-/- mice exhibited comparable and impaired lipid metabolism. Elevated serum alanine transaminase and liver interleukin-1β, liver inflammatory cell infiltration, and foci of hepatocellular ballooning were observed in ppara-/- /cyp2a5 -/- mice but not in ppara-/- mice and cyp2a5 -/- mice. In ppara-/- /cyp2a5 -/- mice, although redox-sensitive transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and its target antioxidant genes were upregulated as a compensation, thioredoxin was suppressed, and phosphorylation of JNK and formation of nitrotyrosine adduct were increased. Liver glutathione was decreased, and lipid peroxidation was increased. Interestingly, inflammation and fibrosis were all observed within the clusters of lipid droplets, and these lipid droplet clusters were all located inside the area with CYP2E1-positive staining. These results suggest that HFD-induced fibrosis in ppara-/- /cyp2a5 -/- mice is associated with steatosis, and CYP2A5 interacts with PPARa to participate in regulating steatohepatitis-associated fibrosis.

No description available.