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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Regulation of hepatic glucose homeostasis and Cytochrome P450 enzymes by energy-sensing coactivator PGC-1α

Aatsinki, S.-M. (Sanna-Mari) 12 May 2015 (has links)
Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a master regulator of energy metabolism and mitochondrial biology in high-energy cell types and tissues. The regulation of PGC-1α is versatile, and both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms play major roles. External stimuli affect PGC-1α-regulation which in turn adapts cellular signals to meet them. For example, conditions like fasting and diabetes mellitus (DM) are known to activate PGC-1α expression in the liver, resulting in enhanced de novo glucose production, gluconeogenesis. In the present study, the mechanisms of hepatic PGC-1α regulation and PGC-1α-regulated functions were elucidated. We found that PGC-1α was induced by oral type 2 diabetes therapeutic metformin, via AMPK and SIRT1, regulating the mitochondrial gene response, against previous assumptions. Simultaneously, gluconeogenesis was repressed by other means. Furthermore, PGC-1α upregulated the anti-inflammatory interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1Rn). PGC-1α also diminished interleukin 1β-mediated inflammatory response in hepatocytes. Novel, xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolizing Cytochrome P450 enzymes regulated by PGC-1α were also identified in this thesis. CYP2A5 was induced by PGC-1α through hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF-4α) coactivation. Also, vitamin D metabolizing CYP2R1 and CYP24A1 were identified as novel genes regulated by PGC-1α, suggesting a role for PGC-1α in the regulation of active vitamin D levels. The findings presented in this thesis provide insight into the pathology of glucose perturbations such as type 2 diabetes, and stimulate discovery of therapeutic agents to treat this disease. Furthermore, the findings suggest that vitamin D metabolism and energy metabolism are tightly linked, with PGC-1α emerging as a novel mediator. / Tiivistelmä Peroksisomiproliferaattori-aktivoituvan reseptori γ:n koaktivaattori 1α (PGC-1α) on merkittävä glukoosiaineenvaihdunnan ja mitokondrioiden toiminnan säätelijä korkeaenergisissä soluissa ja kudoksissa. PGC-1α:a säädellään monin tavoin: sekä transkriptionaalisella säätelyllä että transkription jälkeisellä muokkauksella on merkittävä rooli. Monet ulkoiset tekijät säätelevät PGC-1α:n aktiivisuutta, joka puolestaan säätelee solunsisäisiä signaalireittejä vastaamaan tähän signaaliin. Esimerkiksi paasto ja diabetes mellitus (DM) ovat fysiologisia tiloja, jotka lisäävät voimakkaasti PGC-1α:n ilmentymistä maksassa, jolloin glukoosin uudistuotanto eli glukoneogeneesi kiihtyy. Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkittiin PGC-1α:n säätelyä sekä PGC-1α -säädeltyjä signaalireittejä maksassa. Osoitimme, että tyypin 2 diabeteslääke metformiini indusoi PGC-1α:n ilmentymistä maksassa, vastoin aikaisempia käsityksiä. PGC-1α indusoitui AMPK:n ja SIRT1:n välityksellä, säädelleen edelleen mitokondriaalisten geenien aktiivisuutta. Samalla glukoneogeneesi kuitenkin repressoitui muilla mekanismeilla. Lisäksi osoitimme, että PGC-1α indusoi tulehdusreaktiota vaimentavaa interleukiini 1 reseptorin antagonistia (IL1Rn). PGC-1α esti interleukiini 1β:n aiheuttamaa tulehdusvastetta hepatosyyteissä. Lisäksi väitöskirjassa tunnistettiin uusia, PGC-1α -säädeltyjä lääkeaineita ja elimistön sisäisiä yhdisteitä metaboloivia sytokromi P450 -entsyymejä (CYP). Hiiren CYP2A5:n ilmentymisen osoitettiin olevan PGC-1α- ja HNF4α-välitteistä. Lisäksi osoitettiin, että D-vitamiinia metaboloivat CYP2R1 ja CYP24A1 ovat uusia PGC-1α -säädeltyjä geenejä. Tämä löydös viittaa siihen, että PGC-1α:lla on rooli aktiivisen D-vitamiinin säätelyssä. Tämän väitöskirjan löydökset lisäävät tietoa glukoosiaineenvaihdunnan häiriöiden kuten tyypin 2 diabeteksen molekulaarisista mekanismeista, joita voidaan hyödyntää mahdollisten uusien lääkeaineiden kehittämisessä. Lisäksi väitöskirjassa osoitettiin, että D-vitamiinimetabolia on kytköksissä energia-aineenvaihduntaan ja että PGC-1α:lla on tässä rooli, jota ei aiemmin ole tunnettu.
2

O polimorfismo do antagonista do receptor da interleucina-1 (IL1RN) como fator contribuinte para gravidade da cardite reumática em brasileiros / Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene (IL1RN) polymorphism as a contributing factor for the severity of rheumatic carditis in a brazilian cohort

Azevedo, Pedro Ming 18 September 2009 (has links)
A febre reumática (FR) é uma doença imuno-mediada, na qual citoquinas pró-inflamatórias têm um importante papel. Uma produção exacerbada de interleucina-1 (IL-1) parece ser um evento precoce entre as anormalidades imunológicas observadas na FR. O antagonista do receptor de IL-1 (IL1-RA) é um inibidor competitivo endógeno do receptor da IL-1. A razão IL-1RA/IL-1 é importante na determinação da intensidade e duração da resposta inflamatória. O alelo 2 (A2) do gene codificador do IL1-RA (IL1RN) tem sido relacionado a um número de doenças inflamatórias e autoimunes, bem como a uma maior resistência a infecções. Considerando que a FR é uma doença inflamatória autoimune desencadeada por uma infecção bacteriana, nós avaliamos o polimorfismo do IL1RN com o intuito de determinar possível relevância na susceptibilidade à FR e suas manifestações clínicas. O genótipo de 84 pacientes com FR e 84 controles pareados por raça foram determinados através da análise do número de repetições em tandem de 86pb no segundo íntron do IL1RN. O DNA foi extraído de leucócitos de sangue periférico e amplificado com sondas específicas. Dados sobre as manifestações clínicas da FR foram obtidos através de questionários padronizados e extensa revisão de prontuários. Cardite foi definida como sopro cardíaco novo auscultado por médico treinado com a correspondente regurgitação ou estenose valvar ao ecocardiograma. Cardite foi definida como grave na presença de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva ou da indicação de cirurgia cardíaca. A associação estatística entre genótipos, FR e suas variações clínicas foram determinadas. A presença do alelo 1 (A1) e do genótipo A1/A1 foram menos freqüentemente encontradas entre pacientes com cardite severa quando comparado a pacientes sem esta manifestação (OR= 0.11, p=0.031; OR= 0.092, p=0.017). Nenhum dos dois alelos, A1 e A2, foram associados à presença de FR (p=0.188; p=0.106), cardite sensu latu, (p=0.578 e p=0.767), poliartrite (p=0.343 e p=0.313) ou coréia (p=0.654 e p=0.633). Em conclusão, na população brasileira estudada o polimorfismo do IL1RN parece ser um fator relevante para a gravidade da cardite reumática. / Rheumatic fever (RF) is an immune-mediated disease in which proinflammatory cytokines play an important role. Exacerbated Interleukin-1 (IL- 1) production seems to be an early event in the immunological abnormalities that are observed in RF. The Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) is an endogenous competitive inhibitor of IL-1. The IL-1ra/IL-1 ratio is important in evaluating the intensity and duration of the inflammatory response. The second allele (A2) for the IL-1ra gene (IL1RN) has been related to a number of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases as well as to a greater resistance to infections. Considering that RF is an inflammatory autoimmune disease that is triggered by a bacterial infection, we have evaluated the IL1RN polymorphism and its possible relevance to the susceptibility to RF and its clinical manifestations. The genotypes of 84 RF patients (Jones criteria) and 84 normal race-matched controls were determined through the analysis of the number of 86-bp tandem repeats in the second intron of IL1RN. The DNA was extracted from peripheral-blood leukocytes and amplified with specific primers. Clinical manifestations of RF were obtained through a standardized questionnaire and an extensive chart review. Carditis was defined as new onset cardiac murmur that was perceived by a trained physician with corresponding valvae regurgitation or stenosis on echocardiogram. Carditis was classified as severe in the presence of congestive heart failure or upon the indication for cardiac surgery. The statistical association among the genotypes, RF and its clinical variations was determined. The presence of allele 1 and the genotype A1/A1 were found less frequently among patients with severe carditis when compared to patients without this manifestation (OR= 0.11, p=0.031; OR= 0.092, p=0.017). Neither allele 1 nor allele 2 were associated with the presence of RF (p=0.188; p=0.106), overall carditis (p=0.578 and p=0.767), polyarthritis (p=0.343 and p=0.313) and chorea (p=0.654 and p=0.633). In conclusion, for this Brazilian cohort, the polymorphism of the IL-1ra gene is a relevant factor for rheumatic heart disease severity.
3

O polimorfismo do antagonista do receptor da interleucina-1 (IL1RN) como fator contribuinte para gravidade da cardite reumática em brasileiros / Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene (IL1RN) polymorphism as a contributing factor for the severity of rheumatic carditis in a brazilian cohort

Pedro Ming Azevedo 18 September 2009 (has links)
A febre reumática (FR) é uma doença imuno-mediada, na qual citoquinas pró-inflamatórias têm um importante papel. Uma produção exacerbada de interleucina-1 (IL-1) parece ser um evento precoce entre as anormalidades imunológicas observadas na FR. O antagonista do receptor de IL-1 (IL1-RA) é um inibidor competitivo endógeno do receptor da IL-1. A razão IL-1RA/IL-1 é importante na determinação da intensidade e duração da resposta inflamatória. O alelo 2 (A2) do gene codificador do IL1-RA (IL1RN) tem sido relacionado a um número de doenças inflamatórias e autoimunes, bem como a uma maior resistência a infecções. Considerando que a FR é uma doença inflamatória autoimune desencadeada por uma infecção bacteriana, nós avaliamos o polimorfismo do IL1RN com o intuito de determinar possível relevância na susceptibilidade à FR e suas manifestações clínicas. O genótipo de 84 pacientes com FR e 84 controles pareados por raça foram determinados através da análise do número de repetições em tandem de 86pb no segundo íntron do IL1RN. O DNA foi extraído de leucócitos de sangue periférico e amplificado com sondas específicas. Dados sobre as manifestações clínicas da FR foram obtidos através de questionários padronizados e extensa revisão de prontuários. Cardite foi definida como sopro cardíaco novo auscultado por médico treinado com a correspondente regurgitação ou estenose valvar ao ecocardiograma. Cardite foi definida como grave na presença de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva ou da indicação de cirurgia cardíaca. A associação estatística entre genótipos, FR e suas variações clínicas foram determinadas. A presença do alelo 1 (A1) e do genótipo A1/A1 foram menos freqüentemente encontradas entre pacientes com cardite severa quando comparado a pacientes sem esta manifestação (OR= 0.11, p=0.031; OR= 0.092, p=0.017). Nenhum dos dois alelos, A1 e A2, foram associados à presença de FR (p=0.188; p=0.106), cardite sensu latu, (p=0.578 e p=0.767), poliartrite (p=0.343 e p=0.313) ou coréia (p=0.654 e p=0.633). Em conclusão, na população brasileira estudada o polimorfismo do IL1RN parece ser um fator relevante para a gravidade da cardite reumática. / Rheumatic fever (RF) is an immune-mediated disease in which proinflammatory cytokines play an important role. Exacerbated Interleukin-1 (IL- 1) production seems to be an early event in the immunological abnormalities that are observed in RF. The Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) is an endogenous competitive inhibitor of IL-1. The IL-1ra/IL-1 ratio is important in evaluating the intensity and duration of the inflammatory response. The second allele (A2) for the IL-1ra gene (IL1RN) has been related to a number of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases as well as to a greater resistance to infections. Considering that RF is an inflammatory autoimmune disease that is triggered by a bacterial infection, we have evaluated the IL1RN polymorphism and its possible relevance to the susceptibility to RF and its clinical manifestations. The genotypes of 84 RF patients (Jones criteria) and 84 normal race-matched controls were determined through the analysis of the number of 86-bp tandem repeats in the second intron of IL1RN. The DNA was extracted from peripheral-blood leukocytes and amplified with specific primers. Clinical manifestations of RF were obtained through a standardized questionnaire and an extensive chart review. Carditis was defined as new onset cardiac murmur that was perceived by a trained physician with corresponding valvae regurgitation or stenosis on echocardiogram. Carditis was classified as severe in the presence of congestive heart failure or upon the indication for cardiac surgery. The statistical association among the genotypes, RF and its clinical variations was determined. The presence of allele 1 and the genotype A1/A1 were found less frequently among patients with severe carditis when compared to patients without this manifestation (OR= 0.11, p=0.031; OR= 0.092, p=0.017). Neither allele 1 nor allele 2 were associated with the presence of RF (p=0.188; p=0.106), overall carditis (p=0.578 and p=0.767), polyarthritis (p=0.343 and p=0.313) and chorea (p=0.654 and p=0.633). In conclusion, for this Brazilian cohort, the polymorphism of the IL-1ra gene is a relevant factor for rheumatic heart disease severity.

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