Discusses how to ascertain the meaning and implications of Right to Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC). Discusses the difference between meaningful participation of FPIC and the relationship between ‘national interest’ and the right to FPIC. Also analyses the protection of the rights of indigenous peoples, including mainly the right to FPIC in Ethiopia. Introduces recommendations concerning the middle ground between ‘national interest’ and the right to FPIC. Discusses how the right to FPIC can be legally recognised in Ethiopia and Africa in general, including particularly by the African Commission, and outlines specific recommendations on the relevant policies of the World Bank and African Development Bank. / Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Odile Lim Tung, Faculty of Law and Management, University of Mauritius. / Mini Dissertation (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13222号 / 論医博第2169号 / 新制||医||1033(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 中山 健夫, 教授 松村 由美, 教授 森田 智視 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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This study examines how the concepts of biomedical ethics are considered in Islam and how historical Islamic medical scholars treated the concept of ethics in their practice of medicine. Moreover, this research explores the principle of autonomy in biomedical ethics as a factor in Islamic practice of medicine. The issue of autonomy in medical practice is an important topic of discussion requiring examination of the methods of its adaptation and application in Muslim-majority countries. The value and significance of this topic continues at a global level, involving Muslim communities in Non-Muslim countries experiencing religious and social diversity. The fieldwork of this study was conducted in Turkey, Jordan and Gaza Strip, Palestine, investigating the subject matter with practitioners in health care sectors as well as with leading academics, researchers, non-government organizations and policymakers. The results indicate that the principle of autonomy is not fully implemented in the three countries from an Islamic perspective. / 博士(グローバル社会研究) / Doctor of Philosophy in Global Society Studies / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

The subject of this thesis is ethical aspects of risk management. It is argued that a model for risk management needs to be developed that acknowledges several ethical aspects and most crucial among these, the individual’s right not to be unfairly exposed to risks. Article I takes as its starting point the demand frequently expressed in the risk literature for a consistent risk management. Such consistency is often assumed to be in accordance with some kind of cost-benefit analysis. It is maintained that such a model, here called the Standard Model, does not respect the rights of the individual. Two alternative models are outlined in order to better deal with this ethical weakness, the Model of Inviolable Rights and the Model of Procedural Justice. The arguments in the alternative models evolve around the separateness of individuals, rights and fair risk taking. It is claimed that the latter model, which focuses on a fair procedure, seems most fruitful to develop. Article II is a discussion of the NIMBY (Not In My Backyard) conflict, which is well known from situations of siting potentially risky facilities. Of special concern is to investigate what the ethical premises are behind the negative characterization of the NIMBY concept. It is argued that, contrary to the assumption that the total benefit should outweigh the individual’s cost, individuals in siting scenarios have rights not to be unfairly exposed to risks. Article III, which is co-authored with Professor Sven Ove Hansson, presents a three party model as a tool for ethical risk analysis. It is argued that ethical dimensions need to be acknowledged in the analysis of risks and that this is best done through a discussion of three parties that are involved in risk decisions – the risk-exposed, the beneficiary, and the decisionmaker. Seven crucial ethical questions are recognized and discussed regarding the relation between these parties. By using examples from the railway sector it is shown how the questions can be used to identify salient ethical features of risk management problems. / QC 20101116

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether altering an informed consent document (ICD), in ways that either promote or inhibit accessibility, would affect potential participants’ willingness to participate in a child development laboratory-based study. Specifically, I was interested in assessing the willingness to participate of historically underrepresented groups, especially Appalachian caregiver-child dyads. I altered three parameters of a previously approved and employed ICD to explore whether these parameters impacted Appalachian caregivers’ comprehension of the study, willingness to participate, and trust in the researchers. The manipulated parameters included reading level, utilization of illustrative pictures, and inclusion of text-to-speech audio conversions. I utilized a 2x2x2 fully between-subjects factorial design to assess the main and interaction effects of manipulating the ICD reading level, the presence or absence of pictures on the ICD, and the incorporation or non-incorporation of text-to-speech on participants’ comprehension, willingness to participate, and trust in the researcher. One-hundred and twenty-two participants responded to the online survey. After filtering the responses for participants that met inclusion criteria, the sample included 18 primarily White Appalachian caregivers. I conducted a series of independent samples t-tests to evaluate the main effects of the three parameters of accessibility on participant comprehension, willingness to participate, and trust in researchers. The present study revealed one significant effect of reading level on trust in researchers. All other effects were nonsignificant. An investigation of this kind provides new information concerning informed consent design. Future research should further investigate the influence of accessibility in informed consent, namely with larger sample sizes.

Law / LL.M.

Thesis (M.Phil.)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: AIDS is the most important threat to world health. Recent years have seen a dramatic spread of HIVand AIDS in South Africa. Health education directed at modifying risk behaviour appears to be the only way in which the disease can be contained. Controlling AIDS is not only by controlling the virus, but also involves tackling social, economic and political issues and putting AIDS into the broader context of sexuality and gender roles. This requires a broader understanding of this aspect of HIV-AIDS ranging from population dynamics, through to research on individual behaviour and its socio-economic impact; so that we can dispel the myths and rumours that surround AIDS and answer searching questions that will be asked by the community. In South Africa, HIV-AIDS remains a stigmatized disease. There have been calls from courageous and influential people for those who are living with HIV-AIDS to be open about their status and to destigmatise the disease. Institutions too have been drawn into the controversy about whether to remain silent or speak out. Southern African Anglican bishops, as well as some politicians declared their intention to undergo testing for HIV status in order to sensitise the public to the seriousness of the epidemic. Were AIDS not regarded as intolerable, the entire issue of confidentiality would fall away. Calls to destigmatise the disease through openness cannot stand alone. Government must put effective treatment programmes in place. In the absence of treatment, AIDS may represent only frustration and hopelessness to those who test positive; and fear, danger and resultant animosity to those who are HIV negative. The text is in four chapters. Chapter 1 focuses on confidentiality as an important principle in the management of disease. In HIV -AIDS, confidentiality is a more sensitive issue as AIDS is particularly viewed as a social stigma, accompanied by discrimination and harassment. The chapter also addresses HIV infection, transmission, counseling and screemng. Chapter 2 deals with the principles of biomedical ethics namely, autonomy, to enable the patient to determine his/her course of treatment; informed consent, designed to protect the interests of patients from exploitation and harm, and encourage health professionals to act responsibly; beneficence and nonmaleficence, to protect the welfare of others; and justice, to ensure access to health care for all. It also highlights the aspects of and limitations to confidentiality. Chapter 3 discusses broadly the ethical dilemmas pertammg to professional-patient relationships, women and HIV-AIDS, religion, prisoners and employer-employee relationships. When the AIDS epidemic started, very few people suffered from the disease, and the disease was treated with great caution and confidentiality. Today, AIDS is a pandemic and emphasis should shift from the ethic of autonomy and confidentiality, to a social ethic, which emphasizes the responsibility of minimizing the risk of spread of infection. The chapter also examines the role of the Department of Health, the participation of health professional bodies and the legal aspects relating to confidentiality in HIV-AIDS. Chapter 4 attempts to construct an argument to destigmatise HIV-AIDS by arguing the responsibility of the government to make sufficient resources available for the treatment and control of the pandemic. Health professionals are challenged to engage their expertise and skills in the service of the sick with dignity and respect. The community is encouraged to support the drive towards controlling the spread of HIV infection and enable people living with AIDS to disclose their status without fear of harassment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vigs is die gevaarlikste bedreiging van wéreldgesondheid. Die afgelope paar jaar het 'n dramatiese verspreiding van mv en VIGS in Suid-Afrika plaasgevind. Gesondheidsopvoeding wat gemik is op die verandering van risiko-gedrag is skynbaar die enigste metode wat die siekte kan beheer. Die kontrolering van VIGS is nie net die kontrolering van die virus nie, maar dit betref ook herbesinning oor sosiale, ekonomiese en politiese en geslagsrolle. Dit vereis 'n omvattender verstaan van hierdie aspek van HIV-VIGS, wat strek vanaf van bevolkingspatrone tot by die navorsing oor individuele gedrag en die sosio-ekonomiese impak van 19. So kan ons hopelik help om die mites rondom VIGS te besweer. In Suid-Afrika bly mV-VIGS 'n gestigmatiseerde siekte. Daar rus 'n veranbtwoordelikheid op invloedryke mense wat met mV-VIGS leef en wat as rolmodelle sou kon dien, om hul mv -status te openbaar en sodoeonde te help om die siekte te destigmatiseer. Instansies is ook by hierdie twispunt betrek om vas te stelof die mense moet praat of swyg. Suider-Afrikaanse Anglikaanse Biskoppe, asook somige politici het hulle intensies aangekondig om die mv -toets te ondergaan om sodoende die publiek te help opvoed oor die gevaar van hierdie epidemie. Oproepe om die siekte te destigmatiseer deur openbaarheid kan nie in isolasie funksioneer nie. Die staat moet effektiewe kuratiewe en voorkomingsprogramme hier rondom loods en kontinueer. In die afwesigheid van 'n geneesmiddel, sal VIGS slegs frustrasie, hopeloosheid, en vrees skep by diegene wat positief getoets is, sowel as vyandigheid onder diegene wat nie mv positief is nie. Die teks het vier hoofstukke. Hoofstuk 1 fokus op vertroulikheid as 'n belangrike beginsel in die bestuur van die siekte. In mV-VIGS is vertroulikheid 'n meer sensitiewe beginsel aangesien VIGS in die besonder as 'n sosiale skandvlek, aangevreet deur diskriminasie, gesien word. Die hoofstuk bespreek ook mv -infeksie, transmissie, raadgewing en toetsing. Hoofstuk 2 gaan oor die beginsels van die biomediese etiek, naamlik, outonomie, waaronder ingeligte toetstemming, ontwerp om die belange van die pasiente te beskerm teen eksploitasie en gevaar: om gesondheids professionele aan te moedig om hulle op 'n verantwoordelike manier te gedra. Ander beginsels is goedwilligheid en niekwaadwiligheid om die welsyn van ander te beskerm, asook geregtigheid, om toegang tot gesondheidshulp vir almal te verseker. Dit beklemtoon ook die aspekte verwant aan beperkinge tot vertroulikheid. Hoofstuk 3 bespreek breedweg die etiese dilemmas met betrekking tot die verhouding tussen pasiënye en professionele gesondheidswerkers, vrouens en mV-VIGS, godsdiens, gevangenes en werkgewer-werker verhoudings. Toe die VIGS-epidemie begin het, het min mense aan die siekte gely, en die siekte is met groot sorg en vertroulikheid behandel. Vandag is VIGS 'n pandemie en die klem moet geskuif word vanaf outonomie en vetrouilikheid na 'n sosiale etos wat verantwoordlikheid en die vermindering van die risiko van die verspreiding van die infeksie beklemtoon. Die hoofstuk kyk ook na die rolle van gesondheidsdepartmente, deelname van gesondheids professionele organisasies en die juridiese aspekte met betrekking tot vertroulikheid van HIV-VIGS. Hoofstuk 4 poog om 'n argument te ontwikkel wat daartoe sou kon bydra dat HIV-VIGS gedestigmatiseer sal word. Klem word gelê op die verabtwoordelikheid van die staat om soveel moontlike bronne beskikbaar te stel vir die behandeling van en beheer oor hierdie pandemie. Gesondheids professionele word uitgedaag om hulle deskundigheid en bekwaamheid in die diens van die siekes met waardigheid en respek te gebruik. Die gemeenskap word aangemoedig om die poging tot die beheer van die verspreiding van die HIV -infeksie te ondersteun en om die mense wat met VIGS leef in staat te stelom hul status sonder die dreigement van stigmatisering bekend te maak.

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