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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Second law analysis and simulation techniques for the energy optimization of buildings

Terlizzese, Tiziano <1974> 17 May 2010 (has links)
The research activity described in this thesis is focused mainly on the study of finite-element techniques applied to thermo-fluid dynamic problems of plant components and on the study of dynamic simulation techniques applied to integrated building design in order to enhance the energy performance of the building. The first part of this doctorate thesis is a broad dissertation on second law analysis of thermodynamic processes with the purpose of including the issue of the energy efficiency of buildings within a wider cultural context which is usually not considered by professionals in the energy sector. In particular, the first chapter includes, a rigorous scheme for the deduction of the expressions for molar exergy and molar flow exergy of pure chemical fuels. The study shows that molar exergy and molar flow exergy coincide when the temperature and pressure of the fuel are equal to those of the environment in which the combustion reaction takes place. A simple method to determine the Gibbs free energy for non-standard values of the temperature and pressure of the environment is then clarified. For hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and several hydrocarbons, the dependence of the molar exergy on the temperature and relative humidity of the environment is reported, together with an evaluation of molar exergy and molar flow exergy when the temperature and pressure of the fuel are different from those of the environment. As an application of second law analysis, a comparison of the thermodynamic efficiency of a condensing boiler and of a heat pump is also reported. The second chapter presents a study of borehole heat exchangers, that is, a polyethylene piping network buried in the soil which allows a ground-coupled heat pump to exchange heat with the ground. After a brief overview of low-enthalpy geothermal plants, an apparatus designed and assembled by the author to carry out thermal response tests is presented. Data obtained by means of in situ thermal response tests are reported and evaluated by means of a finite-element simulation method, implemented through the software package COMSOL Multyphysics. The simulation method allows the determination of the precise value of the effective thermal properties of the ground and of the grout, which are essential for the design of borehole heat exchangers. In addition to the study of a single plant component, namely the borehole heat exchanger, in the third chapter is presented a thorough process for the plant design of a zero carbon building complex. The plant is composed of: 1) a ground-coupled heat pump system for space heating and cooling, with electricity supplied by photovoltaic solar collectors; 2) air dehumidifiers; 3) thermal solar collectors to match 70% of domestic hot water energy use, and a wood pellet boiler for the remaining domestic hot water energy use and for exceptional winter peaks. This chapter includes the design methodology adopted: 1) dynamic simulation of the building complex with the software package TRNSYS for evaluating the energy requirements of the building complex; 2) ground-coupled heat pumps modelled by means of TRNSYS; and 3) evaluation of the total length of the borehole heat exchanger by an iterative method developed by the author. An economic feasibility and an exergy analysis of the proposed plant, compared with two other plants, are reported. The exergy analysis was performed by considering the embodied energy of the components of each plant and the exergy loss during the functioning of the plants.
12

Edificio-Impianto: ruolo dell'involucro e dell'impiantistica. Miglioramento delle prestazioni energetiche degli edifici attraverso progetti innovativi che anticipano l'applicazione della Direttiva CE 2010/31

Flacco, Giuseppe <1981> 13 April 2011 (has links)
La tematica del presente scritto è l’analisi teorico-sperimentale del sistema edificio-impianto, che è funzione delle soluzioni progettuali adottate, dei componenti scelti e del tipo di conduzione prevista. La Direttiva 2010/31/CE sulle prestazioni energetiche degli edifici, entrata in vigore l’8 luglio 2010, pubblicata sulla Gazzetta Europea del 18 giugno 2010, sostituirà, dal 1º febbraio 2012, la direttiva 2002/91/CE. La direttiva prevede che vengano redatti piani nazionali destinati ad aumentare il numero di “edifici a energia quasi zero” e che entro il 31 dicembre 2020 tutti gli edifici di nuova costruzione dovranno essere “edifici a energia quasi zero”, per gli edifici pubblici questa scadenza è anticipata al 31 dicembre 2018. In questa prospettiva sono stati progettati due “edifici a energia quasi zero”, una villa monofamiliare e un complesso scolastico (scuola dell’infanzia, elementare, media inferiore) attualmente in via di realizzazione, con l’obiettivo principale di fornire un caso studio unico per ogni tipologia in quanto anche modulare e replicabile nella realtà del nostro territorio, che anticipano gli obiettivi fissati dalla Direttiva 2010/31/CE. I risultati ottenibili dai suddetti progetti, esposti nella tesi, sono il frutto di un attenta e proficua progettazione integrata, connubio tra progettazione architettonica ed energetico/impiantistica. La stessa progettazione ha esaminato le tecnologie, i materiali e le soluzioni tecniche “mirate” ai fini del comfort ambientale e di un’elevata prestazione energetica dell’edificio. Inoltre è stato dedicato ampio rilievo alla diagnosi energetica degli edifici esistenti attraverso 4 casi studio, i principali svolti durante i tre anni di dottorato di ricerca, esemplari del patrimonio edilizio italiano. Per ogni caso studio è stata condotta una diagnosi energetica dell’edificio, valutati i risultati e definita la classe energetica, ed in seguito sono stati presi in considerazione i possibili interventi migliorativi sia da un punto di vista qualitativo sia economico tenendo conto degli incentivi statali per l’incremento dell’efficienza energetica.
13

CFD modeling of two-phase boiling flows in the slug flow regime with an interface capturing technique / Modellazione CFD di flussi bifase in ebollizione nel regime di moto a tappi con una tecnica di tipo interface capturing

Magnini, Mirco <1982> 11 May 2012 (has links)
The objective of this thesis was to improve the commercial CFD software Ansys Fluent to obtain a tool able to perform accurate simulations of flow boiling in the slug flow regime. The achievement of a reliable numerical framework allows a better understanding of the bubble and flow dynamics induced by the evaporation and makes possible the prediction of the wall heat transfer trends. In order to save computational time, the flow is modeled with an axisymmetrical formulation. Vapor and liquid phases are treated as incompressible and in laminar flow. By means of a single fluid approach, the flow equations are written as for a single phase flow, but discontinuities at the interface and interfacial effects need to be accounted for and discretized properly. Ansys Fluent provides a Volume Of Fluid technique to advect the interface and to map the discontinuous fluid properties throughout the flow domain. The interfacial effects are dominant in the boiling slug flow and the accuracy of their estimation is fundamental for the reliability of the solver. Self-implemented functions, developed ad-hoc, are introduced within the numerical code to compute the surface tension force and the rates of mass and energy exchange at the interface related to the evaporation. Several validation benchmarks assess the better performances of the improved software. Various adiabatic configurations are simulated in order to test the capability of the numerical framework in modeling actual flows and the comparison with experimental results is very positive. The simulation of a single evaporating bubble underlines the dominant effect on the global heat transfer rate of the local transient heat convection in the liquid after the bubble transit. The simulation of multiple evaporating bubbles flowing in sequence shows that their mutual influence can strongly enhance the heat transfer coefficient, up to twice the single phase flow value. / Questa tesi si è posta l'obiettivo di migliorare il codice commerciale CFD Ansys Fluent, per ottenere un solutore in grado di compiere simulazioni accurate di flussi in ebollizione nel regime slug flow. Un codice numerico affidabile permette una miglior comprensione della dinamica della bolla causata dall'evaporazione, rendendo possibile la stima dello scambio termico alla parete. Per limitare il costo computazionale delle simulazioni, il problema è modellato con una formulazione assialsimmetrica. Le fasi liquido e vapore sono incomprimibili ed in moto laminare. Attraverso un approccio di tipo single fluid, le equazioni che governano il moto sono scritte come per un flusso a fase singola, tuttavia discontinuità ed effetti di interfaccia vanno introdotti e discretizzati propriamente. Fluent dispone di una tecnica di tipo Volume-of-Fluid per l'avvezione dell'interfaccia e per mappare le discontinue proprietà del fluido su tutto il dominio. Nello slug flow gli effetti di interfaccia sono dominanti, di conseguenza l'accuratezza con cui essi sono calcolati è fondamentale per la veridicità del solutore. A tale scopo, sono state introdotte nel codice numerico delle funzioni esterne, sviluppate appositamente per il calcolo della tensione superficiale e dello scambio di massa ed energia all'interfaccia come conseguenza dell'evaporazione. Le migliori prestazioni del codice modificato rispetto a quello originale sono dimostrate attraverso numerosi casi test. Per provare la validità del nuovo codice numerico nella riproduzione di reali configurazioni di flusso, sono stati simulati diversi flussi adiabatici ed il confronto con i risultati sperimentali è molto positivo. La simulazione dell'evaporazione di una bolla singola evidenzia che la convezione transitoria nel liquido, successivamente al passaggio della bolla, ha un effetto dominante sul coefficiente di scambio termico globale. La simulazione di bolle multiple che evaporano in sequenza mostra che la loro influenza reciproca migliora notevolmente il coefficiente di scambio, fino a due volte il valore a fase singola.
14

Analisi sperimentale dell'influenza dei parametri di processo sulla resistenza di contatto tra polimero e stampo durante la formatura / Experimental analysis of the influence of the process parameters on the thermal contact conductance between polymer and mould during the moulding phase

Morsiani, Riccardo <1983> 11 May 2012 (has links)
Con gli strumenti informatici disponibili oggi per le industrie, in particolar modo coi software CAE, le possibile simulare in maniera più che soddisfacente i fenomeni fisici presenti in natura. Anche il raffreddamento di un manufatto in polimero può venire simulato, a patto che si conoscano tutti i dati dei materiali e delle condizioni al contorno. Per quanto riguarda i dati dei materiali, i produttori di polimeri sono molto spesso in grado di fornirli, mentre le condizioni al contorno devono essere padroneggiate dal detentore della tecnologia. Nella pratica, tale conoscenza è al più incompleta, quindi si fanno ipotesi per colmare le lacune. Una tra le ipotesi più forti fatte è quella di una perfetta conduzione all'interfaccia tra due corpi. Questo è un vincolo troppo forte, se paragonato alla precisione di tutti gli altri dati necessari alla simulazione, e quindi si è deciso di eseguire una campagna sperimentale per stimare la resistenza al passaggio flusso termico all'interfaccia polimero-stampo ovvero determinare la conduttanza termica di contatto. L'attività svolta in questa tesi di dottorato ha come scopo quello di fornire un contributo significativo allo sviluppo e al miglioramento dell'efficienza termica degli stampi di formatura dei polimeri termoplastici con tecnologia a compressione. / Today's computational resources allow a more than satisfactory simulation of most industrial processes, including closure manufacturing. The cooling and cristalization step of the manufacturing process may be simulated, provided all polymer data, process parameters and boundary conditions are known. As to the latter two issues, it is the manufacturer's task to gain the necessary information, but this knowledge is in practice lacking at best, which makes assumptions compulsory. One of the strongest assumptions is that of perfect thermal contact at the interface between mold and polymer, too limiting a hypothesis if compared to the precision with which other conditions and parameters are known. To fill this gap an experimental campaign was devised, starting from scratch, to determine by means of inverse thermal analysis the value of the thermal contact conductance in the case of two families of polymeric materials and its dependence on the main process parameters at play in compression molding. The results, both qualitative and quantitative highlighted which aspects may be discarded and which play a fundamental role in the cooling process.
15

Numerical optimization,modeling and system evaluation of a thermophotovoltaic hybrid panel

Greppi, Matteo <1985> 24 May 2013 (has links)
Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels generally produce electricity in the 6% to 16% efficiency range, the rest being dissipated in thermal losses. To recover this amount, hybrid photovoltaic thermal systems (PVT) have been devised. These are devices that simultaneously convert solar energy into electricity and heat. It is thus interesting to study the PVT system globally from different point of views in order to evaluate advantages and disadvantages of this technology and its possible uses. In particular in Chapter II, the development of the PVT absorber numerical optimization by a genetic algorithm has been carried out analyzing different internal channel profiles in order to find a right compromise between performance and technical and economical feasibility. Therefore in Chapter III ,thanks to a mobile structure built into the university lab, it has been compared experimentally electrical and thermal output power from PVT panels with separated photovoltaic and solar thermal productions. Collecting a lot of experimental data based on different seasonal conditions (ambient temperature,irradiation, wind...),the aim of this mobile structure has been to evaluate average both thermal and electrical increasing and decreasing efficiency values obtained respect to separate productions through the year. In Chapter IV , new PVT and solar thermal equation based models in steady state conditions have been developed by software Dymola that uses Modelica language. This permits ,in a simplified way respect to previous system modelling softwares, to model and evaluate different concepts about PVT panel regarding its structure before prototyping and measuring it. Chapter V concerns instead the definition of PVT boundary conditions into a HVAC system . This was made trough year simulations by software Polysun in order to finally assess the best solar assisted integrated structure thanks to F_save(solar saving energy)factor. Finally, Chapter VI presents the conclusion and the perspectives of this PhD work.
16

Fluidodinamica biomedica computazionale del flusso sanguigno in presenza di affezioni strumentali e/o patologiche / Biomedical computational fluid-dynamics of blood flow in the presence of instrumentation and/or vascular diseases

Conti, Alessandra <1979> 11 May 2012 (has links)
La tesi di Dottorato studia il flusso sanguigno tramite un codice agli elementi finiti (COMSOL Multiphysics). Nell’arteria è presente un catetere Doppler (in posizione concentrica o decentrata rispetto all’asse di simmetria) o di stenosi di varia forma ed estensione. Le arterie sono solidi cilindrici rigidi, elastici o iperelastici. Le arterie hanno diametri di 6 mm, 5 mm, 4 mm e 2 mm. Il flusso ematico è in regime laminare stazionario e transitorio, ed il sangue è un fluido non-Newtoniano di Casson, modificato secondo la formulazione di Gonzales & Moraga. Le analisi numeriche sono realizzate in domini tridimensionali e bidimensionali, in quest’ultimo caso analizzando l’interazione fluido-strutturale. Nei casi tridimensionali, le arterie (simulazioni fluidodinamiche) sono infinitamente rigide: ricavato il campo di pressione si procede quindi all’analisi strutturale, per determinare le variazioni di sezione e la permanenza del disturbo sul flusso. La portata sanguigna è determinata nei casi tridimensionali con catetere individuando tre valori (massimo, minimo e medio); mentre per i casi 2D e tridimensionali con arterie stenotiche la legge di pressione riproduce l’impulso ematico. La mesh è triangolare (2D) o tetraedrica (3D), infittita alla parete ed a valle dell’ostacolo, per catturare le ricircolazioni. Alla tesi sono allegate due appendici, che studiano con codici CFD la trasmissione del calore in microcanali e l’ evaporazione di gocce d’acqua in sistemi non confinati. La fluidodinamica nei microcanali è analoga all’emodinamica nei capillari. Il metodo Euleriano-Lagrangiano (simulazioni dell’evaporazione) schematizza la natura mista del sangue. La parte inerente ai microcanali analizza il transitorio a seguito dell’applicazione di un flusso termico variabile nel tempo, variando velocità in ingresso e dimensioni del microcanale. L’indagine sull’evaporazione di gocce è un’analisi parametrica in 3D, che esamina il peso del singolo parametro (temperatura esterna, diametro iniziale, umidità relativa, velocità iniziale, coefficiente di diffusione) per individuare quello che influenza maggiormente il fenomeno. / The present work analyzes the haematic flow through a finite element code (COMSOL Multiphysics). Artery is affected by Doppler catheter (whose position inside is concentric or non-concentric, and also inclined with respect to the vessel’s axis) or stenoses of different shape and extension. Solid artery is a rigid, elastic or hyperelastic cylinder. Blood vessel’s diameters are assumed to be 2 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm and 6 mm. Haematic laminar flow, both in stationary and transient regime, is established, and blood is a non-Newtonian cassonian fluid, modified according to Gonzales & Moraga formulation. Numerical analysis are on three-dimensional and bidimensional models, the latter one also introducing fluid-structure interaction. Fluid dynamic three-dimensional models consider rigid artery to compute pressure field, then this is introduced as input datum in the structural-mechanics simulation, in order to determine cross-sectional variation and disturbance length on flow. Three dimensional models affected by the catheter’s presence consider three blood flow rates (maximum, minimum and averaged), while bi-dimensional and stenotic three-dimensional artery’s models introduce a pressure time-dependent function representing the haematic wave. Geometric domains are discretized by triangles (2D) and tetrahedrons (3D), also improving mesh near walls and downstream obstacles, to resolve recirculation. Two appendices are attached to the present dissertation, dealing with results from CFD simulations of conjugate heat transfer in microchannels and droplet evaporation in non-confined systems. Fluid dynamics in microchannel is analogous to the flow analysis in the capillary system; while the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach, which models evaporation, could represent blood multiphase nature. Microchannel’s appendix analyzes the transient condition following time-dependent heat flux rising, also varying inlet velocity and microchannel’s geometry. Investigation on droplet evaporation is a parametric three-dimensional analysis, that examines every parameter’s weight (external temperature, initial diameter, relative humidity, initial velocity and diffusion coefficient) in order to find the most influencing parameter on evaporation.
17

Heavy liquid metals applications: from the nuclear to the industrial field

Foletti, Claudia <1972> 25 June 2007 (has links)
No description available.
18

Bromine-Based Electrolyte Properties for a Semi-Organic Redox Flow Battery

Duranti, Mattia 14 October 2020 (has links)
Redox Flow Batteries are chemical based energy storage systems that accumulate energy in liquid electrolytes. Dissolved redox active substances undergo redox reactions in an electrochemical cell and so charge and discharge a battery. Recently, the introduction of organic materials as electrolytes raised research interest. Electrolytes that operate with the bromine/bromide redox couple are interesting due to their high energy density and fast reversible kinetics. They are used in combination with several anodic chemistries (e.g. Zinc, Hydrogen, Quinone), including organic materials.Due to the corrosive and volatile nature of bromine, practical electrolytes use Bromine Complexing Agents (BCAs) in order to bind bromine in a less volatile form and deal with safety issues. These additives have a strong influence on the battery’s operation by influencing the concentration of redox active species, the cell voltage and the electrolyte conductivity. Nevertheless, very little is known about the real properties of aqueous acidic bromine electrolytes, both in pure dilution and in presence of BCAs, which influence on the electrolyte is not predictable so far. The aim of this PhD project is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the behavior of an electrolyte based on bromine and bromide, with particular reference to the one used in semi-organic flow batteries. Along this work an analysis on the performance of a AQDS-Bromine flow battery cell was executed and an extensive study on the physico-chemical behavior of the positive electrolyte was developed. A review of the flow battery technology and of the metrics and methods available for diagnostics was firstly performed as a basis to define macro characteristics,such as State of Charge (SoC) and State of Health (SoH). The cycling behavior of an AQDS-Bromine flow battery was investigated by cell tests and possible degradation mechanisms have been highlighted and explained by interpretation of electrochemical measurements. Following, a broad characterization of the bromine-based electrolyte was performed, producing extended experimental data on physico-chemical properties and a modeling framework for the prediction of the electrolyte behavior.

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