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Effects of Toxaphene®, a polychlorinated terpene insecticide, were studied by a multidisciplinary approach on two cockroach species, Leucophaea maderae (F.) and Periplaneta americana (L.). Toxaphene was found to be slightly toxic to L. maderae and moderately toxic to P. americana. Uptake of ³⁶C1-toxaphene in tissues of L. maderae was studied from 2 to 120 hours. Greater accumulation of ³⁶C1-toxaphene on a ug/gm basis was found associated with the abdominal ventral nerve cord (VNC) of L. maderae than with haemolymph, fat body, and alimentary canal. ³⁶C1-toxaphene uptake was noted in L. maderae VNC in vitro at levels which were independent of incubation dose concentration. Substantial amounts of ³⁶C1-toxaphene remained associated with VNC after rinsing. Radiolabeled material found in haemolymph of asymptomatic L. maderae appeared to be qualitatively different from toxaphene standards and also that found in symptomatic insect haemolymph based on gas chromatography. Concentration levels responsible for in vivo toxicity appeared to correlate with electrophysiological symptomology in VNC of P. americana. Intense forms of activity were observed in isolated nerve preparations and in VNC removed rom symptomatic insects treated with 1/10⁵ and 1/10¹ M toxaphene. Latent periods between introductioon of toxaphene and onset of intense activity appeared to vary as a function of concentration.

An intersive study of insect fauna in accumulated bovine manure was conducted from mid-Arpril through mid-October, 1975, on two dairy farms in the Mesa-Chandler area of south-central Arizona. Insect fauna was sampled by water flotation of manure, emergence trapping and resting fly counts. Musca domestica L. was the major noxious symbovine dipterous species collected. Tables of all predators, parasitoids, and scavenger groups collected are presented and seasonal abundance graphs for the primary inhabitants are included. In concert with the faunistic studies the effect of the feed additive insecticide stirofos (Rabon® oral-Larvicide, 2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyldimethyl phosphate) was evaluated. Reductions in fly population ranged from 27% to 87% depending upon the sampling method. Results of insecticidal activity on non-target groups are discussed and graphically depicted.

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The physical nature of pesticide deposits is an important factor in pesticidal activity. There is much literature on this aspect of insecticides. In general insecticides are more effective when in small particulate form but few investigations have been carried out on acaricides. Emulsions have been found to be more effective than suspensions when applied directly or indirectly as freshly deposited residues against mites (Ebeling and Pence, 1953). [...]