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Adolescent delinquency represents a significant threat to the health and future of developing persons. Due to the important implications of adolescent problem behaviors, it is essential that we understand the complex mechanisms in the life and mind of a developing person that may lead to these behavior problems in adolescence. I proposed that early family instability, including residential moves and changes in household composition, would be a primary predictor of adolescent problem behaviors, including risk-taking and externalizing behaviors. This relation was predicted to be mediated by future orientation. When young children are faced with uncertainty, they may develop a shorter-term view of their own life. Therefore, family instability is predicted to influence the developing orientation to the future, which is predicted to be related to problem behaviors in adolescence. Deviant peer association and family routine were predicted to be moderators in the model. The results reveal a significant association between early family instability and adolescent externalizing behavior. This association is significant while controlling for later family instability and other demographic variables, such as socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and child IQ. This indicates that early family instability is directly related to adolescent behavior beyond the effects of continuing instability and other individual factors. Additionally, the level of future orientation was associated with adolescent risk-taking behavior for boys but not for girls. This indicates that for boys, lack of thoughts about one's future is predictive of risky behaviors in adolescence. Early family instability was not significantly related to future orientation, precluding future orientation as a mediator in the relation between early family instability and later problem behaviors. Family routine and peer deviance were not found to be significant moderators in this study. The results of this study indicate the important role family instability plays in adolescent behavior problems. These results demonstrate that experiences in the first five years of a child's life have potentially long-term effects on the individual. Additionally, future orientation appears to be a significant predictor of adolescent risk-taking behavior for boys. As risk-taking behavior may be detrimental to the individual's life and future, it is important to understand factors that predict risk taking. Future studies should examine the development of future orientation and its role in adolescent adjustment. / Psychology

The purposes of this study were: (1) to determine whether there was a correlation between a quantitative assessment of postural sway , and a clinical assessment of postural stability, in patients diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD); (2) to plot individual diurnal changes in postural sway characteristics of PD patients over an eight-hour time period; (3) to plot day to day changes in individual postural sway characteristics of PD patients: (4) to determine whether there was a difference in the postural sway characteristics of parkinsonians, with and without vision; (5) to determine whether there was a difference in the postural sway characteristics of the same individuals when using either Sinemet or Oeprenyl. Three male PD patients were recruited into this study. Each subject stood on a stable force platform (AMT1 OR6-5-1). Measurements included the standard deviations of the coordinates of the centre of pressure (COP) in the anterior-posterior (a-p) and lateral (lat) directions, the mean velocity of sway, and area of sway. These dependent measures were evaluated in a "quiet standing" condition, once with the eyes open (EO) and once with the eyes closed (EC). These procedures were carried out ten times over the course of an eight hour day. Each subject was tested two days while taking eight hour day. Each subject was tested two days while taking Sinemet, and two days while on the Deprenyl regimen. Secondly, at two periods of each test day, each patient was evaluated using the postural assessment section of the Sears Parkinson's Assessment Form (SPAF). The results were: (1) group analyses and individual analyses established the evidence of significant correlations between both the quantitative measures of postural sway (force platform) and the qualitative assessment tool (SPAF): (2) significant variability was evident in the analysis of individual data plots: (3) no statistically significant differences were observed tor any subject when measured from day to day; (4) generally, vision was a stabilizing factor in postural control, however, this was quite variable for each subject; (5) significant improvements in postural stability were observed with the introduction of Deprenyl for one out of three subjects. These findings are discussed in terms of their clinical and behavioral importance, with specific reference to Physiotherapy. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

Yes / Approximately 97% of the country is experiencing drought conditions. Due to gross water mismanagement and its damaging impact on the country, Iran faces the worst situation in water resources of any industrialized nation. Tens of thousands of villages have been deserted and most of the major urban centers have passed their limits to absorb new rural migrants. Some officials predict that in less than 25 years, 50 million Iranians would be displaced from their current homes because of the pressing ecological conditions. This is happening at the time that the gap between the grassroots and the state has widened and there is increasing dissatisfaction with governance plagued by corruption, nepotism, economic mismanagement, unaccountability and a foreign policy which has produced various regional and trans-regional adversaries. This paper evaluates the pressing ecological challenges in Iran and by conceptualizing political resilience it critically evaluates whether the Islamic Republic is prepared to face the devastating ecological crisis and its socio-economic consequences.