For decades, Africa has faced a large number of refugees and this has been rapidly growing since 2010. Although there has been another recent spike in refugees on the continent, the cause of refugees today is largely due to the increase in conflict on the continent, whilst in earlier years this was due to colonialism. The rise of intra and interstate conflicts shows a correlation with the increase in the number of refugees. Africa has the largest population of refugees in the world, according to the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA). In 2019, Africa was hosting 26 million migrants and 7 million refugees, including asylum seekers. The top five African refugee-generating countries all have ongoing conflicts or are in a state of dealing with the conflicts through peace agreements. In addition to displacement as a result of conflict, African countries have complex issues that contribute to the rise in these numbers and these issues range from economic struggles, social security deficiencies, political tensions and displacement as a result of climate change. The distribution of refugees is not even as most refugees choose to stay in neighbouring countries, and resettlement numbers have been dropping in recent years. As conflicts are the main cause of refugees on the continent, East African countries bear the biggest burden of refugees as many countries in the region are dealing with severe insecurities. This large influx of refugees in that region causes a genuine concern about whether they can sustainably provide for them and protect their rights. Most of these countries are developing countries with a low Human Development Index (HDI) and are already struggling to provide for their locals. This thesis aims to look at three of the top four African refugee-hosting countries which are located in East Africa. It will look into what responsibilities these hosting states have concerning protecting the basic rights and providing the basic needs of the refugees, to what extent they are able to provide for the refugees and what gaps are they unable to fulfil with their own efforts. After determining a need for more burden-sharing practices on the continent, it will analyse what practices are already taking place and what more can be done by African states and the international community as a whole.

This dissertation seeks to give a more extensive definition of terrorism through a more innovative interpretation and use of the existing international legal systems, while not jeopardizing its foundations in the process. The dissertation also undertakes a proper evaluation of the elements of terrorism. The research study tests the hypothesis that states can commit terrorism. The aim of the dissertation is to demonstrate the need to redefine terrorism comprehensively in the international sphere and establish whether state actors can commit acts of terrorism. The study adopts a discourse analysis to investigate the research questions and puzzle out the exclusion of ‘state terrorism' from the discussion of terrorism in the mainstream literature while focusing on representative politics. In the instant case, the consequences of recognizing terror acts by non-state actors and not by the State or its agents. From the analysis and preceding discussions, this study affirms that excluding states or their agents as potential perpetrators of terrorism is a deliberate representation without a proper legal backup and that most definitions fail to appreciate the objective test in defining terrorism.

This study examines the governing structure and systems of the small independent states of the Eastern Caribbean which are all former British colonies. The states which are the subject of this study are: Antigua, Dominica, Grenada, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, St. Kitts/Nevis and the dependent colony of Montserrat. The political model that has emerged in that region since independence is one characterized by a fairly clear and relatively high degree of functional specificity of structure. Legislation is vested in the hands of a freely elected parliament, policy development and decision-making is the function of the Prime Minister and the executive cabinet. On the surface, the model appears to be structured along western democratic standards, but in reality it is distinctly unique. This study will examine the major differences that exist between the Eastern Caribbean model and other western models. The absence of a historical traditional society in the region, it's small size, and a history of British domination has resulted in a system which manifests a strong level of stability, but nonetheless has an equally strong authoritarian governance structure. The existing theories on development and modernization do not adequately explain the idiosyncrasies of the Eastern Caribbean model. Although geographically located in the larger Caribbean area, these small states of the Eastern Caribbean have developed a system of government that differ from the larger territories. This study is meant to examine and analyze the components and characteristics of that model.

No description available.

No description available.

In modern international law, it is a near consensus that no state can use force against another - the main exceptions being self-defense and actions mandated by a U.N. Security Council resolution. However, one more potential exception exists: forcible intervention undertaken upon the invitation or consent of a government, seeking assistance in confronting armed opposition groups within its territory. This dissertation seeks to analyze the consent-exception in a wide context, and attempting to delineate its limits - including, perhaps, cases in which government consent power is not only negated, but might be transferred to opposition groups.

Thèse - Université de Paris. / At head of title: Université de Paris. Faculté de droit. "Bibliographie": p. [275]-276.

Inaug.-Diss.--Frankfurt am Main. / Lebenslauf. "Schrifttum": p. vii-viii.

published_or_final_version / Law / Master / Master of Laws

Thèse - Université de Paris. / At head of title: Université de Paris. Faculté de droit. "Bibliographie": p. [275]-276.