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The Role of Protein S-glutathionylation on Ca2+ Signaling in Cultured Aortic Endothelial CellsLock, Jeffrey T. 08 March 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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Regulation of IP3 Receptor-Mediated Calcium Release by Na/K-ATPaseChen, Ying January 2007 (has links)
No description available.
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Investigating the Mechanism of Nur77-Induced Apoptosis in T CellsFogarty, Heather E. 01 January 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Nur77 is a member of the orphan nuclear receptor family, where it is known to play an important role in apoptosis in both negative selection in T cells and in cancer cell lines. In the development of T cells, it is critical for the immune system to discriminate self from non-self by eliminating auto-reactive cells. It was originally thought that Nur77 initiated apoptosis by activating downstream gene targets. However, it is now clear that Nur77 has its own distinct role outside of the nucleus and the precise mechanisms by which Nur77 induces apoptosis in T cells still needs to be clarified. Calcium plays an important role as a second messenger in various cellular responses, one of which includes apoptosis. The IP3 receptor controls efflux of calcium from the ER and can be activated through TCR activation. This signal induces a rise in cytoplasmic calcium levels ultimately causing cell death through mechanisms that remain unclear. Here, we use a double positive DO11.10 T cell line with tetracycline responsive Nur77, to examine the effects of cytosolic Nur77. Through co-immunoprecipitation experiments we suggest, that the presence of Nur77 disrupts the IP3R/Bcl-2 interaction. In this study, we also investigated the effect of Nur77 on intracellular calcium levels. We show that Nur77 increases baseline calcium levels and causes emptying of ER calcium stores. We suggest a model where cytosolic Nur77 disrupts the IP3R/Bcl-2 interaction by binding Bcl-2 at the mitochondria or ER, causing calcium release through the IP3R and apoptosis of the cell.
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Signalkaskaden und Steuermechanismen in den Speicheldrüsen von Dipteren / Signalling pathways and control mechanisms in the salivary glands of DipteraSchmidt, Ruth Maria January 2006 (has links)
Flüssigkeitssekretion und Proteinsekretion werden in Speicheldrüsen von Insekten über Hormone und Neurotransmitter gesteuert. Diese entfalten ihre physiologische Wirkung in den sekretorischen Drüsenzellen hauptsächlich über den zyklischen Adenosinmonophosphat (cAMP)-Signalweg und den Inositoltrisphosphat (IP<SUB>3</SUB>) / Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Signalweg. Die Mechanismen möglicher Wechselwirkungen zwischen diesen Signalwegen und ihre physiologischen Auswirkungen sind unzureichend bekannt.<p>
Im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit stand die Frage, ob und wie sich der Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Signalweg und der cAMP-Signalweg in der Speicheldrüse der Diptere <I>Calliphora vicina</I> beeinflussen. Substanzen wie 5-Fluoro-α-Methyltryptamin und Histamin wurden in früheren Arbei-ten als Agonisten genutzt, um in den Speicheldrüsen von <I>C. vicina</I> selektiv den cAMP-Signalweg (getrennt vom IP<SUB>3</SUB>/Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Signalweg) zu aktivieren. Es zeigte sich in transepithelialen Potentialmessungen und mikrofluorometrischen Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Untersuchungen, dass beide Substanzen sowohl den cAMP-Weg als auch den Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Signalweg aktivierten. Die physiologischen Ursachen der Histamin-induzierten Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Erhöhung wurden genauer untersucht. <p>
Zusammengefasst zeigten diese Untersuchungen, dass Histamin wie 5-HT den cAMP-Weg und die Phosphoinositidkaskade aktivierte. Im Gegensatz zu den 5-HT-induzierten Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Oszillationen, welche durch interzelluläre Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Wellen synchronisiert werden, verursachte Histamin bei niedrigen Konzentrationen lokale Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Oszillationen in einzelnen Zellen (keine Wellen). Bei höheren Histamin-Konzentrationen war eine anhaltende Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Erhöhung oder ein synchrones <quote>Ca<sup>2+</sup>-beating</quote> in der gesamten Drüse zu beobachten. <p>
Des Weiteren wurde die Frage untersucht, ob eine Erhöhung der intrazellulären cAMP-Konzentration den IP<SUB>3</SUB> Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Signalweg in den Epithelzellen der Speicheldrüse beeinflussen kann. Es zeigte sich, dass cAMP den durch schwellennahe 5-HT-Konzentrationen induzierten Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Anstieg verstärkte. Diese Verstärkung wurde durch eine PKA-vermittelte Sensitivierung des IP<SUB>3</SUB>-Rezeptor/Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Kanals für IP<SUB>3</SUB> verursacht. Immunzytochemische Untersuchungen deuten dar-auf hin, dass die Proteinkinase A eng mit dem IP<SUB>3</SUB>-Rezeptor/Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Kanal assoziiert ist.
Diese Messungen zeigen erstmals, dass auch bei Invertebraten der Botenstoff cAMP, PKA-vermittelt, den IP<SUB>3</SUB>-Rezeptor/Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Kanal des ER für IP<SUB>3</SUB> sensitiviert. / Fluid- and protein-secretion in the salivary glands of insects are controlled by hormones or neurotransmitters. These agonists activate two signalling cascades: the cAMP-pathway and the IP>sub>3</sub>/Ca-pathway. The functional crosstalk between these two signalling pathways is poorly understood. <p>
Functional crosstalk between cAMP-pathway and IP<sub>3</sub>/Ca<sup>2+</sup>-pathway was investigated in the salivary glands of the blowfly, <I>Calliphora vicina</I>. Histamine and 5-alpha-methyltryptamine were used in an attempt to activate the cAMP-pathway selectively, as suggested previously. By using transepithelial potential-measurements and microfluorometric Ca<sup>2+</sup>-imaging it was demonstrated that both substances activate the cAMP- and the IP<sub>3</sub>/Ca<sup>2+</sup>-pathway. The physiological effects of histamine were investigated in detail. These experiments show that histamine causes an intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup>-elevation that, in some preparations exhibits oscillations with concentration-dependent frequencies. In contrast to 5-HT induced intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup>-oscillations and propagating intercellular Ca<sup>2+</sup>-waves histamine produces local Ca<sup>2+</sup>-oscillations in single cells or synchronous <quote>Ca<sup>2+</sup>-beating</quote> in the whole gland.<p>
In addition the effects of increasing cAMP on the IP<sub>3</sub>/Ca<sup>2+</sup>-pathway in the salivary glands of the blowfly were studied. It could be demonstrated that cAMP augments the 5-HT-induced Ca<sup>2+</sup>-increase in glands stimulated with low doses of 5-HT. This potentiation is the result of a PKA-mediated sensitisation of the IP<sub>3</sub>-receptor/Ca<sup>2+</sup>-channel for IP<sub>3</sub>. Results of immunocytochemical analyses show that the PKA is spatially associated with the ER.<p>
These results show for the first time that in invertebrates as well as in vertebrates the second messenger cAMP sensitises the IP<sub>3</sub>-receptor/Ca<sup>2+</sup>-channel for IP<sub>3</sub> by the action of a PKA.
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Cellular mechanisms underlying the regulation of calcium signaling in brain pericytesPhillips, Braxton 06 1900 (has links)
Les cellules murales du cerveau sont un groupe de cellules neurovasculaires qui présentent une hétérogénéité moléculaire, morphologique et fonctionnelle exceptionnelle. Celles en contact avec les plus petis vaisseaux du cerveau, les péricytes du lit capillaire moyen sont connues pour être essentielles à l'homéostasie cérébrale, bien que leur capacité contractile ait longtemps été débattue. Cependant, nombre de leurs propriétés physiologiques, telles que leurs mécanismes de signalisation calcique, n'ont pas encore été élucidées. Cette thèse vise donc à identifier les mécanismes cellulaires de la signalisation calcique des péricytes des capillaires cérébraux. Dans le chapitre 2, nous utilisons la pharmacologie et l'imagerie des péricytes cérébraux exprimant l'indicateur de calcium GCaMP6f (provenant de souris transgéniques PDGFRβ-Cre::GCaMP6f) pour découvrir ces mécanismes. Contrairement aux péricytes engainants dont la signalisation du calcique dépend des canaux calcique voltage-dépendants, nous constatons que les signaux calcique des péricytes capillaire moyen sont indépendants des canaux calcique voltage-dépendants. Au contraire, nous constatons que les signaux calciques transitoires des pericytes du lit capillaire moyen sont inhibés par l'élimination du Ca2+ extracellulaire, l'inhibition des canaux Orai opérés par les réserves, le blocage du remplissage des réserves du réticulum endoplasmique, ainsi que l'inhibition des récepteurs de la ryanodine (RyRs) et des récepteurs de l'inositol trisphosphate (IP3Rs). Nous constatons également que l'entrée de Ca2+ opérée par les réserves peut être induite par la déplétion des réserves du réticulum endoplasmique et inhibée par les bloqueurs d'Orai dans les pericytes du lit capillaire moyen, et que l'influx basal de Ca2+ est largement dépendant de la déplétion des réserves. Enfin, nous montrons que l'entrée de Ca2+ opérée par les réserves d'Orai amplifie les élévations de Ca2+ cytosolique en réponse au vasoconstricteur endothéline-1. Nous concluons que la signalisation calcique dans les pericytes du lit capillaire moyen, qu'elle soit spontanée ou induite de façon agoniste, est régulée par le couplage entre la libération des réserves du réticulum endoplasmique et les voies d'influx opérées par les réserves. / Brain mural cells are a grouping of neurovascular cells that display exceptional molecular, morphological, and functional heterogeneity. Mid-capillary pericytes, the mural cells which contact the smallest vessels of the brain, are known to be critical to brain homeostasis, and their contractile ability has long been debated. However, many of their physiological properties, such as their Ca2+ signaling mechanisms, have not been elucidated. This thesis aims to uncover the cellular mechanisms of brain mid-capillary pericyte Ca2+ signaling. In chapter 2, we harness pharmacology and imaging of brain pericytes expressing the calcium indicator GCaMP6f (from transgenic PDGFRβ-Cre::GCaMP6f mice) to uncover these mechanisms. In contrast to ensheathing pericytes whose Ca2+ signaling is dependent on voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs), we find that mid-capillary pericyte Ca2+ signals are independent of VGCCs. Instead, we find that mid-capillary pericyte Ca2+ transients are inhibited by removal of extracellular Ca2+, inhibition of store-operated Orai channels, blockade of endoplasmic reticulum store filling, as well as inhibition of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and inositol triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs). We further find that store-operated Ca2+ entry can be induced by endoplasmic reticulum store depletion and inhibited by Orai blockers in mid-capillary pericytes, and that basal Ca2+ influx is largely dependent on store depletion. Finally, we show that Orai store-operated Ca2+ entry amplifies cytosolic Ca2+ elevations in response to the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1. We conclude that both spontaneous and Gq-coupled protein receptor agonist-induced Ca2+ signaling in mid-capillary pericytes is regulated by coupling between endoplasmic reticulum store release and store-operated influx pathways.
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The Role of Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor-Interacting Proteins in Regulating Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor-Dependent Calcium Signals and Cell SurvivalLavik, Andrew R. 27 January 2016 (has links)
No description available.
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Bcl-2 Regulates Proapoptotic Calcium Signals by Interacting with the Inositol 1, 4, 5-Trisphosphate ReceptorRong, Yiping 22 December 2008 (has links)
No description available.
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