The failure rate of new government information technology (IT) projects in developing countries is high, with 35% classified as total failures and approximately 50% as partial failures. The population for this study was 10 senior managers of a public sector organization in Uganda selected because of high IT project successes achieved through leveraging IT return on investment (ROI) reports. The purpose of this qualitative single-case study was to explore the strategies Ugandan senior public sector officials used to leverage IT ROI reports during planning, budgeting, and implementation of IT projects to reduce failure rates. The conceptual frameworks were the strategic IT alignment model and framework for success. Qualitative data were collected through face-to-face interviews and review of the organization performance reports. Member checking of interview and document review data were used to strengthen credibility of the findings. The following themes emerged: involve senior managers in IT ROI reporting; use previous IT performance reports during planning, budgeting, and implementation; empower project teams to undertake IT ROI performance assessment; ensure completeness of the IT ROI reports; ensure comprehensive monitoring and evaluation indicators for IT projects; ensure availability of periodic IT ROI reports; and implement a change management program. The findings may contribute to social change by providing key strategies senior public sector officials might leverage during planning, budgeting, and implementation of IT projects to reduce failures, lead to increased citizen access to e-government services, and promote transparent government.

O crescimento exponencial do uso das mídias sociais na Web está transformando a maneira de como as pessoas tratam as informações, interagem com elas e compartilham conhecimento. Da mesma forma, as organizações estão mudando a maneira de interagir com seus funcionários, parceiros e consumidores. Novas aplicações na Internet têm surgido para proporcionar confiança aos usuários e incentivá-los a interagir e conectá-los uns aos outros e a conteúdos disponibilizados. Essas aplicações podem identificar comportamentos, extrair opiniões e retornar informações de interesse dos usuários e das organizações de maneira a auxiliar a tomada de decisão. Essas aplicações proporcionam grande volume de dados e demandam complexos processos de análise. Essas análises abrem oportunidades para o desenvolvimento de novas soluções que agregam mais valor aos usuários de produtos e serviços disponibilizadas na Web. Empresas e instituições de pesquisa têm desenvolvidos meios para tratar o grande volume de dados e identificar oportunidades de negócio. O uso de modelos que permitem entender esse fenômeno coletivo tem aumentado nos últimos anos por, basicamente, duas razões: a necessidade de descobrir, organizar e representar o conhecimento empírico relacionado a um determinado domínio de interesse e a necessidade de disseminar mecanismos para auxiliar os tomadores de decisão. Nesse contexto, ontologias de domínio têm sido bastante utilizadas como forma de organização e representação do conhecimento. No entanto, são poucos os modelos ou aplicações que extraem, organizam e representam o conhecimento (implícito e explícito) contextualizado de grupos de pessoas que atuam coletivamente para resolver problemas comuns ou produzir algo novo. Este trabalho de pesquisa propõe um modelo de referência para extração da inteligência coletiva (IC) para suporte à tomada de decisão. O modelo foi inicialmente desenvolvido para caso do planejamento estratégico de TI para ser utilizada por órgãos de governo. Como parte do modelo, foi desenvolvida uma inovadora ontologia de domínio denominada ITMPvoc. De seu processo de construção e validação, o modelo extrai a IC que é contextualiza segundo o referencial 5W1H (What, Who, Why, Where, When, How) e aplicada para suporte à decisão em situações específicas. Outras instâncias do modelo para dois casos de uso são também apresentadas. São elas: extração da IC e suporte à decisão para alertas de doenças na agricultura e para alertas sobre adoção de software livre por municípios. Os resultados demonstram que os modelos de extração da IC de comunidades ou organizações humanas podem melhorar os complexos processos de tomada de decisão em colaboração. Verificou-se também que a melhoria do processo de tomada de decisão se dá de duas maneiras. A primeira pela compreensão mais ampla pela comunidade dos conceitos e seus relacionamentos de causa e efeito mapeados pelo referencial 5W1H. A segunda pela composição mais adequada dos componentes What, Who, Why, Where, When e How em função do contexto. Ambas maneiras contribuem para o enriquecimento do conhecimento sobre os domínios considerados. / The exponential growth in the use of social media on the Web is transforming the which people treat information, interact with it, and share knowledge. Similarly, organizations are changing the way they interact with their employees, partners, and consumers. New Internet applications have emerged to provide users with confidence and encourage them to interact and connect to each other and to access contents made available. These applications can identify behaviors, extract opinions, and return information of interest to users and organizations in order to support decision making. These applications provide large amounts of data and require complex analysis processes. These analyzes open opportunities for the development of new solutions that add value to users of products and services available on the Web. Companies and research institutions have developed means to handle the large volume of data and identify business opportunities. The use of models that allow to understand this collective phenomenon has increased in recent years for basically two reasons: the need to discover, organize and represent empirical knowledge related to a particular domain of interest and the need to disseminate mechanisms to support the decision-makers. In this context, domain ontologies have been widely used as a form of organization and representation of the knowledge. However, there are few models or applications that extract, organize, and represent the contextualized (implicit and explicit) knowledge of groups of people who act collectively to solve common problems or produce something new. This research proposes a reference model for extracting the collective intelligence (CI) for decision making support. The model was initially developed for strategic planning of IT to be used by government organizations. As part of the model, an innovative domain ontology called ITMPvoc was developed. From its construction and validation process, the model extracts the CI that is contextualized according to the 5W1H (What, Who, Why, Where, How) framework and it is applied for decision making support in specific situations. Other instances of the model are also presented for two use cases. They are: extraction and decision making support based on CI for (I) early warning disease in agriculture and (ii) early warning in adoption of free software by municipalities. The results demonstrate that the CI extraction model from human communities or organizations can improve complex collaborative decision-making processes. It was also found that the improvement of the decision-making process occurs in two ways. The first is by the community\'s broader understanding of concepts and their cause-and-effect relationships mapped by the 5W1H framework. The second is the most appropriate composition of the What, Who, Why, Where, When, and How components, according to the context. Both ways contribute to the enrichment of the knowledge about the considered domains.

O crescimento exponencial do uso das mídias sociais na Web está transformando a maneira de como as pessoas tratam as informações, interagem com elas e compartilham conhecimento. Da mesma forma, as organizações estão mudando a maneira de interagir com seus funcionários, parceiros e consumidores. Novas aplicações na Internet têm surgido para proporcionar confiança aos usuários e incentivá-los a interagir e conectá-los uns aos outros e a conteúdos disponibilizados. Essas aplicações podem identificar comportamentos, extrair opiniões e retornar informações de interesse dos usuários e das organizações de maneira a auxiliar a tomada de decisão. Essas aplicações proporcionam grande volume de dados e demandam complexos processos de análise. Essas análises abrem oportunidades para o desenvolvimento de novas soluções que agregam mais valor aos usuários de produtos e serviços disponibilizadas na Web. Empresas e instituições de pesquisa têm desenvolvidos meios para tratar o grande volume de dados e identificar oportunidades de negócio. O uso de modelos que permitem entender esse fenômeno coletivo tem aumentado nos últimos anos por, basicamente, duas razões: a necessidade de descobrir, organizar e representar o conhecimento empírico relacionado a um determinado domínio de interesse e a necessidade de disseminar mecanismos para auxiliar os tomadores de decisão. Nesse contexto, ontologias de domínio têm sido bastante utilizadas como forma de organização e representação do conhecimento. No entanto, são poucos os modelos ou aplicações que extraem, organizam e representam o conhecimento (implícito e explícito) contextualizado de grupos de pessoas que atuam coletivamente para resolver problemas comuns ou produzir algo novo. Este trabalho de pesquisa propõe um modelo de referência para extração da inteligência coletiva (IC) para suporte à tomada de decisão. O modelo foi inicialmente desenvolvido para caso do planejamento estratégico de TI para ser utilizada por órgãos de governo. Como parte do modelo, foi desenvolvida uma inovadora ontologia de domínio denominada ITMPvoc. De seu processo de construção e validação, o modelo extrai a IC que é contextualiza segundo o referencial 5W1H (What, Who, Why, Where, When, How) e aplicada para suporte à decisão em situações específicas. Outras instâncias do modelo para dois casos de uso são também apresentadas. São elas: extração da IC e suporte à decisão para alertas de doenças na agricultura e para alertas sobre adoção de software livre por municípios. Os resultados demonstram que os modelos de extração da IC de comunidades ou organizações humanas podem melhorar os complexos processos de tomada de decisão em colaboração. Verificou-se também que a melhoria do processo de tomada de decisão se dá de duas maneiras. A primeira pela compreensão mais ampla pela comunidade dos conceitos e seus relacionamentos de causa e efeito mapeados pelo referencial 5W1H. A segunda pela composição mais adequada dos componentes What, Who, Why, Where, When e How em função do contexto. Ambas maneiras contribuem para o enriquecimento do conhecimento sobre os domínios considerados. / The exponential growth in the use of social media on the Web is transforming the which people treat information, interact with it, and share knowledge. Similarly, organizations are changing the way they interact with their employees, partners, and consumers. New Internet applications have emerged to provide users with confidence and encourage them to interact and connect to each other and to access contents made available. These applications can identify behaviors, extract opinions, and return information of interest to users and organizations in order to support decision making. These applications provide large amounts of data and require complex analysis processes. These analyzes open opportunities for the development of new solutions that add value to users of products and services available on the Web. Companies and research institutions have developed means to handle the large volume of data and identify business opportunities. The use of models that allow to understand this collective phenomenon has increased in recent years for basically two reasons: the need to discover, organize and represent empirical knowledge related to a particular domain of interest and the need to disseminate mechanisms to support the decision-makers. In this context, domain ontologies have been widely used as a form of organization and representation of the knowledge. However, there are few models or applications that extract, organize, and represent the contextualized (implicit and explicit) knowledge of groups of people who act collectively to solve common problems or produce something new. This research proposes a reference model for extracting the collective intelligence (CI) for decision making support. The model was initially developed for strategic planning of IT to be used by government organizations. As part of the model, an innovative domain ontology called ITMPvoc was developed. From its construction and validation process, the model extracts the CI that is contextualized according to the 5W1H (What, Who, Why, Where, How) framework and it is applied for decision making support in specific situations. Other instances of the model are also presented for two use cases. They are: extraction and decision making support based on CI for (I) early warning disease in agriculture and (ii) early warning in adoption of free software by municipalities. The results demonstrate that the CI extraction model from human communities or organizations can improve complex collaborative decision-making processes. It was also found that the improvement of the decision-making process occurs in two ways. The first is by the community\'s broader understanding of concepts and their cause-and-effect relationships mapped by the 5W1H framework. The second is the most appropriate composition of the What, Who, Why, Where, When, and How components, according to the context. Both ways contribute to the enrichment of the knowledge about the considered domains.

<p dir="ltr">Historically, CIOs have struggled to realize IT investment values and planning involved. In the IT industry, these issues have become a critical C-level topic (Haffke, 2016). Since the establishment of the position of the State Chief Information Officer (CIO), CIO roles have expanded and evolved tremendously as new modern technologies became a part of organization’s information technology (IT) enterprise infrastructure. Multiple State CIOs struggled with modern IT technologies, but successfully completed projects to meet customer business needs and requirements and furthermore, IT investments involved an arduous effort to prepare, execute, complete, and assess for return on investment (ROI) and value realization (NASCIO, 2021). During the COVID-19 pandemic, implementation of remote collaboration technology allowed the workforce to perform at remote locations to prevent spread of the virus. Academic research on the topic of State CIO’s involvement in IT strategic planning is limited and yields scarce search results compared to other subject areas. State CIOs’ involvement in IT strategic planning was further researched for enabling remote collaboration for the new remote workforce. Scholarly databases and more than 100 various sources of articles were reviewed for search results that addressed the problem and purpose of this research.<b> </b>Grounded theory research, data triangulation, and Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis software (CAQDAS) were used to analyze the resulting articles. The research deliverables included a document analysis of State CIO involvement in IT strategic planning to enable remote collaboration. There were significant involvements of State CIOs in IT strategic planning to enable remote collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic across the analyses. This study developed a course of actions (COAs) for State CIOs, and recommendations for future research.</p>