The success of asteroseismology lies in the correct identification of the normal modes of oscillation. The Whole Earth Telescope (WET) identified the normal modes of a helium white dwarf pulsator, GD358, by analyzing the period distribution of the pulsation modes. Another way to identify modes is by comparing pulsation amplitudes in the UV to the optical. To cross-calibrate the two mode identification methods, we observed GD358 in August, 1996 with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to obtain the UV data while observing nearly simultaneously from the ground. During our observations, GD358 went through a very drastic amplitude modulation in a time scale of hours. These short time scale amplitude changes made the direct UV to optical amplitude determinations difficult. We successfully eliminate the possibility that the 423s mode, the dominant mode at the time of these observations, is an l=3 or 4 g-mode pulsation, but we cannot unambiguously decide if it is an l=1 or 2. Theoretical calculations indicate that the massive pulsating DA white dwarf BPM 37093 has a crystallized interior (Winget et al. 1997; Kanaan 1996; Montgomery 1998). Crystallization was predicted theoretically 40 years ago (Kirshnitz 1960; Abrisokov 1961; Salpeter 1961) although uncertainties in the nature and extent of crystallization, as well as its associated effects, are the largest sources of uncertainty in calculating the ages of the coolest white dwarf stars- important chronometers of the galactic disk. The WET observed BPM 37093 in April 1998 and again in April 1999, simultaneously with the HST, in hopes of using both the period distribution and the amplitude comparison method to identify the l value of the modes and measure the first crystallized mass-fraction of a stellar interior. Here we also rule out the possibility of the observed modes being l=3 and higher and demonstrate that not all the observed modes are l-1. If all the observed modes are l-2, then we conclude that the crystallization mass fraction is between 0-80%, depending mainly on the surface H layer. In the end, we evaluate the amplitude comparison method and address advantages and problems using this method compared to other mode identification methods. / text

Multiculturalism has emerged to challenge liberalism as an ideological solution in coping with ethnic diversity. Inter–ethnic group contact amongst individuals of different cultures is defined as acculturation. Acculturation is an experience from different cultural encounters between employees and their work environments where organisational socialization is a prerequisite to becoming accustomed to different cultural conditions. Acculturation orientation is related to well–being and involves social identification techniques of a minority group within the workplace. Acculturation thus becomes a factor on which to focus when cultural differences are experienced by employees in an organisation of differing cultural values. For purposes of this particular study, the focus will be placed on integration as a mediating role in the relation between positive acculturation conditions and work outcomes. Intergroup relations and adaptation to host culture will be measured directly as per the responses from participants. For the purpose of this study, a quantitative approach is adopted by using a five point Likert scale questionnaire adapted from the model designed by Arends–Toth and Van de Vijver (2006). Predictors in the adapted model include mainstream multiculturalism factors (norms and practices), tolerance, ethnic integration demands and ethnic vitality and outcomes of acculturation, subjective work success, work commitment and job satisfaction. The results indicated that a workplace culture that promotes ethnic cultural maintenance of people from a diverse background coupled with encouragement to participate in the mainstream by ethnic members at home and at work would contribute to the experience of higher levels of subjective work success (Jackson, van de Vijver & Ali, submitted). Multiculturalism practices and ethnic vitality have indirect and significant effects on psychological and socio cultural acculturation outcomes (job satisfaction and organisational commitment as well as subjective experience of work success), while multicultural norms only have indirect and significant effects on psychological acculturation outcomes (job satisfaction and organisational commitment). / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Multiculturalism has emerged to challenge liberalism as an ideological solution in coping with ethnic diversity. Inter–ethnic group contact amongst individuals of different cultures is defined as acculturation. Acculturation is an experience from different cultural encounters between employees and their work environments where organisational socialization is a prerequisite to becoming accustomed to different cultural conditions. Acculturation orientation is related to well–being and involves social identification techniques of a minority group within the workplace. Acculturation thus becomes a factor on which to focus when cultural differences are experienced by employees in an organisation of differing cultural values. For purposes of this particular study, the focus will be placed on integration as a mediating role in the relation between positive acculturation conditions and work outcomes. Intergroup relations and adaptation to host culture will be measured directly as per the responses from participants. For the purpose of this study, a quantitative approach is adopted by using a five point Likert scale questionnaire adapted from the model designed by Arends–Toth and Van de Vijver (2006). Predictors in the adapted model include mainstream multiculturalism factors (norms and practices), tolerance, ethnic integration demands and ethnic vitality and outcomes of acculturation, subjective work success, work commitment and job satisfaction. The results indicated that a workplace culture that promotes ethnic cultural maintenance of people from a diverse background coupled with encouragement to participate in the mainstream by ethnic members at home and at work would contribute to the experience of higher levels of subjective work success (Jackson, van de Vijver & Ali, submitted). Multiculturalism practices and ethnic vitality have indirect and significant effects on psychological and socio cultural acculturation outcomes (job satisfaction and organisational commitment as well as subjective experience of work success), while multicultural norms only have indirect and significant effects on psychological acculturation outcomes (job satisfaction and organisational commitment). / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Los microplásticos (MPs) son partículas de material plástico menores que 5 mm que están siendo identificadas en el agua, tierra y aire. La presencia de estos contaminantes emergentes en el medio ambiente supone una preocupación global actualmente, ya que no se sabe con exactitud su concentración y composición debido a la falta de protocolos de cuantificación e identificación estandarizados en los diferentes medios donde se encuentran. Igualmente, se desconoce el alcance de los efectos negativos que podrían provocar en el medio ambiente. La presente tesis estudia la presencia de microplásticos en diferentes corrientes de agua residual y natural, así como en fangos de depuración generados en las estaciones depuradoras de aguas residuales. El objetivo principal de la tesis consiste en evaluar diferentes protocolos para la extracción de microplásticos contenidos en muestras con diferentes características, así como su cuantificación e identificación. Para ello, se propusieron metodologías para la extracción de microplásticos en matrices con elevada carga orgánica (licor mezcla, fango digerido anaeróbicamente y fango deshidratado) y también en efluentes residuales, así como en aguas naturales tratadas (potables) y sin tratar. Asimismo, se evaluaron los posibles efectos de la presencia de microplásticos en un proceso de depuración mediante un reactor biológico de fangos activos, así como la distribución de estas micropartículas en el fango y en el efluente depurado. Además, se contempló también la posible fragmentación de microplásticos en nanoplásticos (NPs) en un sistema de depuración de aguas residuales y, por lo tanto, también se evaluaron los posibles efectos de los nanoplásticos en la biomasa de los fangos activos. Se observó que cuanto mayor era la concentración de carga orgánica en una muestra más difícil era el proceso tanto de purificación de la muestra como de identificación de microplásticos. Por lo tanto, para las muestras de fango fue necesario aplicar protocolos más complejos de extracción de microplásticos. La peroxidación, demostró ser un tratamiento eficaz de todas las muestras estudiadas, resultando en la reducción de la materia orgánica y en la mejora de la identificación visual. En los ensayos con el reactor biológico se observó una acumulación significativa de microplásticos en el licor mezcla (fango activo) frente al efluente. Esta acumulación de microplásticos en el fango puede suponer la contaminación de los suelos agrícolas cuando estos son aplicados como fertilizantes. Con el objetivo de mitigar la contaminación de suelos agrícolas por microplasticos presentes en fangos, se propuso el uso de la técnica de ultrasonidos para la extracción de estas micropartículas presentes en el licor de mezcla. Mediante esta técnica, cantidades significativas de microplasticos fueron separadas de la matriz orgánica de los fangos, que es la que se aplica al campo. Finalmente, se estudió la presencia de microfibras en aguas naturales y potables mediante a técnica de tinción con Rojo Nilo con el objetivo de investigar la viabilibilidad y limitaciones de este método. Se observó que la emisión de fluorescencia, por parte de microfibras vírgenes y microfibras separadas de estas muestras de agua, puede manifestar diferentes comportamientos de fluorescencia lo cual podría estar relacionado con el grado de degradación de los materiales de las microfibras. / [CA] Els microplàstics (MPs) són partícules de material plàstic menors que 5 mm que estan siguent identificades en l'aigua, terra i aire. Actualment, la presència d'aquests contaminants emergents en el medi ambient suposa una preocupació global, ja que no se sap amb exactitud la seua concentració i composició a causa de la falta de protocols de quantificació i identificació estandarditzats en els diferents medis on es troben. Igualment, es desconeix l'abast dels efectes negatius que podrien provocar en el medi ambient. La present tesi estudia la presència de microplàstics en diferents corrents d'aigua residual i natural, així com en fangs de depuració generats en les estacions depuradores d'aigües residuals. L'objectiu principal de la tesi consisteix a avaluar diferents protocols per a l'extracció de microplàstics continguts en mostres amb diferents característiques, així com la seua quantificació i identificació. Per a això, es van proposar metodologies per a l'extracció de microplàstics en matrius amb elevada càrrega orgànica (licor mescla, fang digerit anaeróbicamente i fang deshidratat) i també en efluents residuals, així com en aigües naturals tractades (potables) i sense tractar. Així mateix, es van avaluar els possibles efectes de la presència de microplàstics en un procés de depuració mitjançant un reactor biològic de fangs actius, així com la distribució d'aquestes micropartícules en el fang i en l'efluent depurat. A més, es va contemplar també la possible fragmentació de microplàstics en nanoplásticos (NPs) en un sistema de depuració d'aigües residuals i, per tant, també es van avaluar els possibles efectes dels nanoplásticos en la biomassa dels fangs actius. Es va observar que com més gran era la concentració de càrrega orgànica en una mostra, més difícil era el procés tant de purificació de la mostra com d'identificació de microplàstics. Per tant, per a les mostres de fang va ser necessari aplicar protocols més complexos d'extracció de microplàstics. La peroxidació, va demostrar ser un tractament eficaç de totes les mostres estudiades, resultant en la reducció de la matèria orgànica i en la millora de la identificació visual. En els assajos amb el reactor biològic es va observar una acumulació significativa de microplàstics en el licor mescla (fang actiu) enfront de l'efluent. Aquesta acumulació de microplàstics en el fang pot suposar la contaminació dels sòls agrícoles quan aquests són aplicats com a fertilitzants. Amb l'objectiu de mitigar la contaminació de sòls agrícoles per microplàstics presents en fangs, es va proposar l'ús de la tècnica d'ultrasons per a l'extracció d'aquestes micropartícules presents en el licor de mescla. Mitjançant aquesta tècnica, quantitats significatives de microplàstics van ser separades de la matriu orgànica dels fangs, que és la que s'aplica al camp. Finalment, es va estudiar la presència de microfibres en aigües naturals i potables mitjançant a tècnica de tinció amb Rojo Nil amb l'objectiu d'investigar la viabilibilitat i limitacions d'aquest mètode. Es va observar que l'emissió de fluorescència, per part de microfibres verges i microfibres separades d'aquestes mostres d'aigua, pot manifestar diferents comportaments de fluorescència la qual cosa podria estar relacionada amb el grau de degradació dels materials de les microfibres. / [EN] Microplastics (MPs) are particles of plastic material smaller than 5 mm that are being identified in water, soil, and air. The presence of these emerging contaminants in the environment is currently a global concern since their concentration and composition are unknown exactly due to the lack of standardized quantification and identification protocols in the different media where they are found. Likewise, the extent of the negative effects that they could cause in the environment is unknown. This thesis studies the presence of microplastics in different streams of wastewater and natural water, as well as in sewage sludge generated in wastewater treatment plants. The main objective of the thesis is to evaluate different protocols for the extraction of microplastics contained in samples with different characteristics, as well as their quantification and identification. For this, methodologies were proposed for the extraction of microplastics in matrices with a high organic load (mixed liquor, anaerobically digested sludge, and dehydrated sludge) and also in wastewater, as well as in treated (potable) and untreated natural waters. Likewise, the possible effects of the presence of microplastics in a depuration process using an activated sludge biological reactor were evaluated and the distribution of these microparticles in the sludge and in the final effluent. In addition, the possible fragmentation of microplastics into nanoplastics (NPs) in a wastewater treatment system was also considered and, therefore, the possible effects of nanoplastics on the biomass of activated sludge were also evaluated. It was observed that the higher the concentration of organic load in a sample, the more difficult the process of both sample purification and microplastic identification. Therefore, for the sludge samples, it was necessary to apply more complex microplastic extraction protocols. Peroxidation proved to be an effective treatment for all the samples studied, resulting in the reduction of organic matter and the improvement of visual identification. In the tests with the biological reactor, a significant accumulation of microplastics was observed in the mixed liquor (activated sludge) compared to the effluent. This accumulation of microplastics in the sludge can lead to the contamination of agricultural soils when they are applied as fertilizers. To mitigate the contamination of agricultural soils by microplastics present in sludge, the use of the ultrasound technique was proposed for the extraction of these microparticles present in the mixed liquor. Through this technique, significant amounts of microplastics were separated from the organic matrix of the sludge, which is what is applied to the field. Finally, the presence of microfibers in natural and drinking water was studied using the Nile Red staining technique to investigate the feasibility and limitations of this method. It was observed that the fluorescence emission by virgin microfibers and microfibers separated from these water samples can show different fluorescence behaviors which could be related to the degree of degradation of the microfiber materials. / Authors thank the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for the financial support (Reference of the project: RTI2018-096916-B-I00) / Bretas Alvim, C. (2022). Caracterización de microplásticos en aguas naturales y residuales, y su influencia y separación en procesos biológicos de depuración [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/185696 / TESIS / Compendio

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Sistemas estruturais em suas variadas aplicações incluindo-se veículos espaciais, automóveis e estruturas de engenharia civil tais como prédios, pontes e plataformas off-shore, acumulam dano durante suas vidas úteis. Em muitas situações, tal dano pode não ser visualmente observado. Do ponto de vista da segurança e da performance da estrutura, é desejável monitorar esta possível ocorrência, localizá-la e quantificá-la. Métodos de identificação de sistemas, que em geral, são classificados numa categoria de Técnicas de Avaliação Não-Destrutivas, podem ser utilizados para esta finalidade. Usando dados experimentais tais como frequências naturais, modos de vibração e deslocamentos estáticos, e um modelo analítico estrutural, parâmetros da estrutura podem ser identificados. As propriedades estruturais do modelo analítico são modificadas de modo a minimizar a diferença entre os dados obtidos por aquele modelo e a resposta medida. Isto pode ser definido como um problema inverso onde os parâmetros da estrutura são identificados. O problema inverso, descrito acima, foi resolvido usando métodos globais de otimização devido à provável presença de inúmeros mínimos locais e a não convexidade do espaço de projeto. Neste trabalho o método da Evolução Diferencial (Differential Evolution, DE) foi utilizado como ferramenta principal de otimização. Trata-se de uma meta-heurística inspirada numa população de soluções sucessivamente atualizada por operações aritméticas como mutações, recombinações e critérios de seleção dos melhores indivíduos até que um critério de convergência seja alcançado. O método da Evolução Diferencial foi desenvolvido como uma heurística para minimizar funções não diferenciáveis e foi aplicado a estruturas planas de treliças com diferentes níveis de danos. / Structural systems in a variety of applications including aerospace vehicles, automobiles and civil engineering structures such as tall buildings, bridges and offshore platforms, accumulate damage during their service life. In several situations, such damage may not be visually observable. From the standpoint of both safety and performance, it is desirable to monitor the occurrence, location and extent of such damage.System identification methods, which may be classified in a general category of nondestructive evaluation techniques, can be employed for this purpose. Using experimental data, such as eigenmodes, eigenvectors and static displacements, and an analytical structural model, parameters of the structures can be identified. The approach used in the present work is one where the structural properties of the analytical model are varied to minimize the difference between the analytically predicted and empirically measured response. This is an inverse problem where the structural parameters are identified. In this work a reduced number of vibration modes were used as the measured response. For the damage assessment problem a close analytical model of the structural system is available and the model of the damaged structure will be identified. Damage will be represented by a reduction in the elastic stiffness properties of the structure.The problem described above was solved using global methods of optimization due to the fact that depending on the number of variables or the location of damage the resulting design space is nonconvex presenting several local minima. In the present work, the Differential Evolution Optimization Technique (DE) was used. It is a metaheuristic inspired by a population of solutions that is successively updated by arithmetic operations such as mutation and recombination, until convergence. The approach was applied to simple truss structures with different levels of damage.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Sistemas estruturais em suas variadas aplicações incluindo-se veículos espaciais, automóveis e estruturas de engenharia civil tais como prédios, pontes e plataformas off-shore, acumulam dano durante suas vidas úteis. Em muitas situações, tal dano pode não ser visualmente observado. Do ponto de vista da segurança e da performance da estrutura, é desejável monitorar esta possível ocorrência, localizá-la e quantificá-la. Métodos de identificação de sistemas, que em geral, são classificados numa categoria de Técnicas de Avaliação Não-Destrutivas, podem ser utilizados para esta finalidade. Usando dados experimentais tais como frequências naturais, modos de vibração e deslocamentos estáticos, e um modelo analítico estrutural, parâmetros da estrutura podem ser identificados. As propriedades estruturais do modelo analítico são modificadas de modo a minimizar a diferença entre os dados obtidos por aquele modelo e a resposta medida. Isto pode ser definido como um problema inverso onde os parâmetros da estrutura são identificados. O problema inverso, descrito acima, foi resolvido usando métodos globais de otimização devido à provável presença de inúmeros mínimos locais e a não convexidade do espaço de projeto. Neste trabalho o método da Evolução Diferencial (Differential Evolution, DE) foi utilizado como ferramenta principal de otimização. Trata-se de uma meta-heurística inspirada numa população de soluções sucessivamente atualizada por operações aritméticas como mutações, recombinações e critérios de seleção dos melhores indivíduos até que um critério de convergência seja alcançado. O método da Evolução Diferencial foi desenvolvido como uma heurística para minimizar funções não diferenciáveis e foi aplicado a estruturas planas de treliças com diferentes níveis de danos. / Structural systems in a variety of applications including aerospace vehicles, automobiles and civil engineering structures such as tall buildings, bridges and offshore platforms, accumulate damage during their service life. In several situations, such damage may not be visually observable. From the standpoint of both safety and performance, it is desirable to monitor the occurrence, location and extent of such damage.System identification methods, which may be classified in a general category of nondestructive evaluation techniques, can be employed for this purpose. Using experimental data, such as eigenmodes, eigenvectors and static displacements, and an analytical structural model, parameters of the structures can be identified. The approach used in the present work is one where the structural properties of the analytical model are varied to minimize the difference between the analytically predicted and empirically measured response. This is an inverse problem where the structural parameters are identified. In this work a reduced number of vibration modes were used as the measured response. For the damage assessment problem a close analytical model of the structural system is available and the model of the damaged structure will be identified. Damage will be represented by a reduction in the elastic stiffness properties of the structure.The problem described above was solved using global methods of optimization due to the fact that depending on the number of variables or the location of damage the resulting design space is nonconvex presenting several local minima. In the present work, the Differential Evolution Optimization Technique (DE) was used. It is a metaheuristic inspired by a population of solutions that is successively updated by arithmetic operations such as mutation and recombination, until convergence. The approach was applied to simple truss structures with different levels of damage.