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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pittsburgh, 1973. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-169).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pittsburgh, 1973. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-169).

This thesis addresses the nature of the image and its relationship to human perception and memory. Traditionally psychology approaches the relationship between the image and the human in a representationalist register, in which the world represents itself through images to the subjective observer. The thesis questions these assumptions about the representational relationship between the world, the mind and the image through a study of people using digital photographic technologies. It argues that digital images exist as a complex network of technology and activity that manage their incessant movement, production, consumption, convertibility, connectedness and fragility. The digital image exposes the complex nature of the image as more than a simple representation. If this is the case, then human involvement with images as networks occurs in terms of our inclusion in the network rather than as a subjective observer positioned outside of the world. Henri Bergson proposes that we see the image in terms of a distinction between time and space rather than as an intermediary between a subject and the object. The implications of this for the way in which we think about the interaction between people and technology and the nature of perception and memory are explored through some data examples from three settings. These are; amateur photographers using digital technology; families looking through their stocks of digital images and remembering past events together and finally, displays of family member's histories and identities on the internet.

Com a transição nutricional, da desnutrição para a obesidade, característica dos países em desenvolvimento, como é o caso do Brasil, o enfoque das pesquisas sobre o estado nutricional vem se voltando para a questão da obesidade. São escassos, particularmente no Brasil, estudos consistentes na área da nutrição voltados à relação do estado nutricional com o comportamento humano, especificamente no que concerne à percepção subjetiva das pessoas em relação ao seu próprio corpo. A percepção da imagem corporal tem sido sistematicamente associada a transtornos do comportamento alimentar, como a anorexia nervosa, a bulimia e a obesidade. Uma das questões seria qual a relação da percepção da imagem corporal nas atitudes e comportamentos alimentares das pessoas, na comunidade em geral, sem diagnóstico específico de transtornos alimentares. Haveria alguma relação com o estado nutricional, ou com alguma característica específica do comportamento alimentar? Este trabalho tem por objetivo responder estas questões. Para avaliação do estado nutricional foi considerada a classificação do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) proposta pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. A escala de figuras de silhuetas foi especialmente construída, assim como a escala tipo Likert. Os métodos psicométricos de aplicação foram criteriosamente selecionados, como validadas as escalas de comportamento alimentar e percepção da imagem corporal. A análise dos resultados sobre a percepção da imagem corporal demonstrou que homens tendem a subestimam seu tamanho corporal independentemente da classe de IMC a que pertençam, enquanto mulheres de IMC normal, ou portadoras de sobrepeso, tendem a superestimar seu tamanho corporal. As mulheres obesas tendem a subestimá-lo, como os homens. Os resultados obtidos sugerem relativa insatisfação tanto de homens como mulheres com o tamanho corporal. / With the nutritional transition from malnutrition to obesity, which is a feature of countries like Brazil, that are still going through a growth process, the focus of researches on the nutritional status are now turning to obesity. Studies on the nutritional area that relate the nutritional status with the human behavior are rare, especially when it comes to the subjective perception of one?s own body. The body image perception has been systematically associated with eating behavior distortions, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and obesity. One of the questions that are raised is what would be the relation between one?s body image perception and this person?s attitudes and eating behavior, in subjects without a specific diagnosis for eating disorders. Would it be related to the nutritional status or to any specific characteristic of the nutritional behavior? The objective of this work is to answer these questions. To evaluate the nutritional status, the BMI (body mass index) was considered on the basis of the World Health Organization classification. The Contour Drawing Rating Scale and Likert-type Scale were especially made for the present study. The psychometric methods of application, the eating behavior scales and the body image perception scales have been validated. Results showed that men tend to underestimate their body size, independently from the BMI class to which they belong, while women with regular BMI or with overweight tend to overestimate their body size. Obese women tend to underestimate it, just like men. The results also suggest an apparent dissatisfaction of both men and women with their body sizes.

The health status of African American and Hispanic communities is in need of intervention. These minority groups have a health disparity gap from other races. The incidences of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity are greater in the African American and Hispanic communities. There is a need to continue addressing the specific health issues, along with ideas of body perception, plaguing the African American and Hispanic populations in the United States. Such disparities typically include those who follow “western” diets, have a lack of exercise, are predisposed to chronic illness, as well as have a need for continuous education of the subject matter. This research project is addressing the need for nutrition interventions in the Johnson City, Tennessee minority community, specifically the African American and Hispanic populations. Prevention can be a useful tool in the reduction of health disparities. Freshman, minority students represent a suitable population to implement prevention strategies. East Tennessee State University’s Quest Program is designed specifically for freshman, minority students. The focus group of this research project includes the participants of the Quest program at East Tennessee State University (ETSU). The purpose of this research is to determine the degree of nutrition knowledge and to assess perceptions of body image of minority freshman at ETSU.

Evidence is presented that in the early stages of design or composition the mental processes used by artists for visual invention require a different type of support from those used for visualising a nearly complete object. Most research into machine visualisation has as its goal the production of realistic images which simulate the light pattern presented to the retina by real objects. In contrast sketch attributes preserve the results of cognitive processing which can be used interactively to amplify visual thought. The traditional attributes of sketches include many types of indeterminacy which may reflect the artist's need to be "vague". Drawing on contemporary theories of visual cognition and neuroscience this study discusses in detail the evidence for the following functions which are better served by rough sketches than by the very realistic imagery favoured in machine visualising systems. 1. Sketches are intermediate representational types which facilitate the mental translation between descriptive and depictive modes of representing visual thought. 2. Sketch attributes exploit automatic processes of perceptual retrieval and object recognition to improve the availability of tacit knowledge for visual invention. 3. Sketches are percept-image hybrids. The incomplete physical attributes of sketches elicit and stabilise a stream of super-imposed mental images which amplify inventive thought. 4. By segregating and isolating meaningful components of visual experience, sketches may assist the user to attend selectively to a limited part of a visual task, freeing otherwise over-loaded cognitive resources for visual thought. 5. Sequences of sketches and sketching acts support the short term episodic memory for cognitive actions. This assists creativity, providing voluntary control over highly practised mental processes which can otherwise become stereotyped. An attempt is made to unite the five hypothetical functions. Drawing on the Baddeley and Hitch model of working memory, it is speculated that the five functions may be related to a limited capacity monitoring mechanism which makes tacit visual knowledge explicitly available for conscious control and manipulation. It is suggested that the resources available to the human brain for imagining nonexistent objects are a cultural adaptation of visual mechanisms which evolved in early hominids for responding to confusing or incomplete stimuli from immediately present objects and events. Sketches are cultural inventions which artificially mimic aspects of such stimuli in order to capture these shared resources for the different purpose of imagining objects which do not yet exist. Finally the implications of the theory for the design of improved machine systems is discussed. The untidy attributes of traditional sketches are revealed to include cultural inventions which serve subtle cognitive functions. However traditional media have many short-comings which it should be possible to correct with new technology. Existing machine systems for sketching tend to imitate nonselectively the media bound properties of sketches without regard to the functions they serve. This may prove to be a mistake. It is concluded that new system designs are needed in which meaningfully structured data and specialised imagery amplify without interference or replacement the impressive but limited creative resources of the visual brain.

The aim of this study is to compare the cognitive maps of different socio-economic status groups living in Ankara. In-group and inter-group relations of divergent socio-economic status groups are the main focus of the study. In this perspective, perceptions of urban social space are examined in order to comprehend the in-group and inter-relations. Discussions are held both at city level and neighborhood level. These discussions are based on the research that was conducted between September 2003- February 2004 in the neighborhoods of Ankara / namely, Mamak, as a lower class neighborhood, Ke&ccedil / i&ouml / ren, Batikent, Yeni Mahalle, as lower-middle class neighborhoods, Gazi Osman PaSa, Bah&ccedil / eli, &Uuml / mitk&ouml / y, Bilkent, Oran as middle class and upper-middle class neighborhoods. I studied with an accidental sample of 39 urbanites living in these neighborhoods of Ankara. In order to determine the socio-economic status of the respondents, Murat G&uuml / ven&ccedil / &rsquo / s (2001a) spatial differentiation and socio-economic status map was used as a guide. While examining the perceptions of urban social space, spatial behavior patterns and urban daily activities, this study aims to clarify definitions of &lsquo / us&rsquo / and &lsquo / other&rsquo / , which inevitably create divisions in social geography of Ankara. Tensions between different socio-economic status groups reinforce these divisions in the city space of Ankara. Especially, limited social interaction between different socio-economic status groups in urban social space has crucial role in the construction of the boundaries between various divisions.

Com a transição nutricional, da desnutrição para a obesidade, característica dos países em desenvolvimento, como é o caso do Brasil, o enfoque das pesquisas sobre o estado nutricional vem se voltando para a questão da obesidade. São escassos, particularmente no Brasil, estudos consistentes na área da nutrição voltados à relação do estado nutricional com o comportamento humano, especificamente no que concerne à percepção subjetiva das pessoas em relação ao seu próprio corpo. A percepção da imagem corporal tem sido sistematicamente associada a transtornos do comportamento alimentar, como a anorexia nervosa, a bulimia e a obesidade. Uma das questões seria qual a relação da percepção da imagem corporal nas atitudes e comportamentos alimentares das pessoas, na comunidade em geral, sem diagnóstico específico de transtornos alimentares. Haveria alguma relação com o estado nutricional, ou com alguma característica específica do comportamento alimentar? Este trabalho tem por objetivo responder estas questões. Para avaliação do estado nutricional foi considerada a classificação do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) proposta pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. A escala de figuras de silhuetas foi especialmente construída, assim como a escala tipo Likert. Os métodos psicométricos de aplicação foram criteriosamente selecionados, como validadas as escalas de comportamento alimentar e percepção da imagem corporal. A análise dos resultados sobre a percepção da imagem corporal demonstrou que homens tendem a subestimam seu tamanho corporal independentemente da classe de IMC a que pertençam, enquanto mulheres de IMC normal, ou portadoras de sobrepeso, tendem a superestimar seu tamanho corporal. As mulheres obesas tendem a subestimá-lo, como os homens. Os resultados obtidos sugerem relativa insatisfação tanto de homens como mulheres com o tamanho corporal. / With the nutritional transition from malnutrition to obesity, which is a feature of countries like Brazil, that are still going through a growth process, the focus of researches on the nutritional status are now turning to obesity. Studies on the nutritional area that relate the nutritional status with the human behavior are rare, especially when it comes to the subjective perception of one?s own body. The body image perception has been systematically associated with eating behavior distortions, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and obesity. One of the questions that are raised is what would be the relation between one?s body image perception and this person?s attitudes and eating behavior, in subjects without a specific diagnosis for eating disorders. Would it be related to the nutritional status or to any specific characteristic of the nutritional behavior? The objective of this work is to answer these questions. To evaluate the nutritional status, the BMI (body mass index) was considered on the basis of the World Health Organization classification. The Contour Drawing Rating Scale and Likert-type Scale were especially made for the present study. The psychometric methods of application, the eating behavior scales and the body image perception scales have been validated. Results showed that men tend to underestimate their body size, independently from the BMI class to which they belong, while women with regular BMI or with overweight tend to overestimate their body size. Obese women tend to underestimate it, just like men. The results also suggest an apparent dissatisfaction of both men and women with their body sizes.

The diploma thesis "Technical images in context of new media art" is focused on the topic of technical images in the gallery environment and their position in the broader context of new media art. The text is divided in five chapters, which describe technological constitution of both moving and statical images, their impact on traditional conception of genres in art, authorship and our concept of an artwork as original. The thesis will analyze the relationship between the perceiving person and technical images and related topics of interpretation and interactivity in new media art. In the first part the definition of a technical image and its kinds will be described as well as the question of frame in connection with specific relationships between image and digital technologies. Second part of the thesis concentrates on means of expression of technical images, their genre classification and ways of perceiving image itself. Theoretical points of the thesis will be accompanied by practical examples of artworks presented at the DOX Centre for Contemporary Art in Prague in past two years. Key words: technical image, frame, digitalization, genre, original, image perception