A packaging model is presented in this study which attempts to show some important aspects of a consumer's cognitive process in relation to packaging. This packaging model is based on the theories of imagery, emotion, and perception (and sensation). Perception of a packaged good occurs because the motivation system of a consumer selects particular information that the packaged good provides. Unlike the situation which occurs in behaviorism, stimulus is as important as response, and motivation explains why people don't perceive all the information available in the environment. When perception occurs, two subsequent responses are possible in the mind of a consumer: the connotative response and the denotative response. A connotative response is an evaluation of the perceived, i.e. emotion. Denotative response is imagery which is produced by conditioned sensory response. Imagery may elicit emotional response. Thus, imagery may reinforce consumer behavior positively or negatively. Emotion with regard to a packaged good is, then, the combination of emotions elicited by the perceived and the imagery evoked. This packaging model tries to explain purchasing behavior through the concepts of imagery and emotion.

This study examined the effects of different imagery strategies and the cognitive style field dependence on the learning of different levels of instructional objectives. One hundred thirteen (113) college students from six (6) intact college classes participated. All students were given the Group Embedded Figures Test to determine their level of field dependence-independence. One of three treatments, mental images recreated from a previously presented visual, self-generated imagery from an audio presentation; and a control group, which received no instructions to use imagery, was randomly assigned to each intact group. The content of the lesson consisted of the Dwyer (1967) Experimental Instructional Materials. The dependent measures were five criterion tests designed by Dwyer (1967) to measure different levels of instructional objectives. Data was analyzed using a series of two-way Analysis of Variance procedures with type of imagery and cognitive style as independent variables and the five criterion tests as dependent variables. The results of this study indicate that there was no difference in the amount of learning when imagery was used as a rehearsal strategy for four of the five dependent measures; however, on the fifth test, the Identification Test, the use of self-generated imagery was less effective as a rehearsal strategy than either the recreated imagery strategy or the control group strategy. On four of the five dependent measures those students who were identified as field-independent demonstrated the anticipated higher level of learning when compared to the field-dependent students. However, on the fifth test, the Identification Test, field-dependent students performed as well as field-independent students. Imagery and cognitive style did not interact. / Ed. D.

The problem of this study is to determine the relation of a pupil's capacity in spatial and visual imagery to his drafting achievement, and to his mechanical aptitude.

Thirty outpatients being treated at Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center Department of Behavioral Health Psychology were randomly assigned to either a relaxation/imagery training class (R/I), a short-term psychotherapy group (P/G) or a no treatment control group. Subjects had psychological, physiological and immunological data taken before and after treatment. Results indicated that support for the hypothesis that relaxation/imagery training improves the psychological, physiological, and immunological functioning of participants was found.

One hundred persons applying for services with the Texas Rehabilitation Commission with reported disabilities of alcohol/substance abuse or back injury/pain were selected for study. Subjects were assigned to two groups (alcohol or back) according to their reported disability. They were tested within one week of application and after 60 days were checked to see what rehabilitation status they were in to determine success or failure. Alcohol clients were administered the Health Attribution Test (HAT), 16PF, and an Alcohol Imagery questionnaire developed for this study. Back clients were administered the HAT, 16PF, and Pain Drawings. Statistical procedures including Pearson correlation, stepwise discriminant analysis, and discriminant analysis were performed. The HAT Internal Factor showed a significant relationship to rehabilitation success or failure and the 16PF motivation indices approached significance. The discriminant analysis demonstrated that success or failure could be predicted at a significant level using these measures. Issues of practicality in using these instruments (particularly imagery measures) in a rehabilitation counseling practice were noted.

Postoperative spinal patients were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions and were taught five adaptive movements by occupational therapists. The Control group received routine hospital occupational therapy; the Placebo group participated in an imagery relaxation task unrelated to the mental practice task of the Imagery group, which was shown line drawings of the adaptive movements under study, provided movement instructions, and asked to mentally practice each movement in a familiar, daily living situation. Thirty-five patients returned for follow-up, and a measure of outcome was obtained through the use of a quantified movement assessment instrument. Subjective ratings for anxiety, rumination, and imagery were made by the occupational therapists. An occupational motoric-symbolic rating scale was developed to assess the symbolic portion of the patient's job experience. Statistical procedures including chi square, analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation were performed. Results were in the predicted direction although statistical significance was not achieved. Possible explanations for the obtained results were discussed.

The present investigation attempted to determine whether imagery combined with relaxation (VMBR) facmlitated karate performance more effectively than either imagery or relaxation alone. Each subject (N=30) was randomly assigned to either a VMBR, relaxation, imagery or placebo control condition. Trait anxiety tests were administered at the beginning and the end of the six week test period. Performance tests were administered at the final class period along with precompetitive state anxiety. Trait anxiety results indicated a reduction in trait anxiety for all groups. State anxiety results indicated that the VIYBR and relaxation groups exhibited less state anxiety than the imagery and control groups. Performance results produced a main effect only for sparring with the VMBR group exhibiting better performance than all other groups.

The study aimed to examine whether an experimental imagery intervention, which elicited ecological representations of self, was more effective in enhancing vividness of movement imagery, action control and performance ability than a conventional imagery intervention and/or that of a standard, instruction intervention. In order to test this hypothesis, a sample of 36 young ballet dancers (11-13 years) were secured from five reputable ballet schools and randomly assigned to three groups (n = 12) for the purposes of conducting a true experiment: a standard control group, an imagery control group and an experimental imagery group. Descriptive statistics and frequencies were conducted for all instruments used to describe and represent single variables of interest. Parametric and nonparametric statistical procedures were used to determine whether significant differences existed between the three groups for measures of vividness of movement imagery, action control and performance ability. Additional emerging relationships and trends were explored through bivariate correlational analyses, multiple stepwise regression procedures, a factor analysis as well as MANOVA and ANOVA statistical procedures. The results of the study were varied and some interesting trends were observed. Contrary to what was expected, the results revealed significant differences across the three groups for mean difference scores of performance ability, in favour of the standard control group. In particular, the standard control group revealed positive benefits in performance ability while the imagery control and experimental imagery groups revealed deteriorations in performance ability. The experimental imagery group was found to be significantly different from the imagery control group for mean difference measures of internal vividness ofmovement imagery. However, the study failed to reveal significant variations in mean difference scores for action control across the three groups. Furthermore, the results indicated that external and internal vividness of movement imagery were found to be significantly correlated with performance ability for the entire sample (N = 36) and across the two imagery groups (N = 24) respectively. Finally, numerous significant and near-significant relationships were observed between measures of vividness of movement imagery, action control and performance ability. The results were discussed in relation to the literature on mental imagery, ecological self, action control and development. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2001.

This study examined the influence of state-confidence on aesthetic athletes’ precompetitive imagery function use. Important individual differences effecting functional imagery use require empirical confirmation. Proposed is state-confidence as a factor influencing the functions of imagery used immediately prior to competition. Also, sport type may also be a moderator of the relationship and thus, is constrained in this study. Female aesthetic athletes from Southern Alberta (N = 180, Mage = 14.64, SD = 1.88) completed measures of state-confidence, imagery ability, and frequency of imagery function use. One-way ANCOVA tests revealed that athletes with high state-confidence used significantly more cognitive specific, cognitive general, motivation general-arousal, and motivational general-mastery functions of imagery than low state-confident athletes. Findings imply that applied sport psychology consultants should be more encouraging of preparation strategies with low state-confident athletes. / xi, 64 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm

Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Faculty of Science, Dept. of Computing, 2009. / Bibliography: p. [265]-280.