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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

To salt or not to salt : three MALDI-TOF IMS protocols where (de)salting proved essential

Yang, Ethan 05 1900 (has links)
Présentement, la désorption ionisation laser assistée par la matrice (MALDI) est la méthode d’ionisation préférentielle pour étudier les lipides par l’imagerie par spectrométrie de masse (IMS). Bien qu’il existe les matrices spécifiques aux lipides, tel que la 1,5-DAN pour les phospholipides et la 2,5-DHB pour les triacylglycérols, il est toujours nécessaire d’augmenter la sensibilité de cette technique pour les échantillons atypiques ou certaines classes de lipides. Dans la première étude, nous avons amélioré la sensitivité pour les phospholipides sur les tubes de Malpighi de mouches prélevés par microdissection dans un tampon physiologique à base de sodium et potassium. Un protocole de lavage à deux étapes a était trouvé favorable : un premier rinçage dans le glycérol suivi d’un second rinçage dans l’acétate d’ammonium. Ce protocole permet de réduire au maximum la présence de sels sans délocalisation notoire des phospholipides. La détection et l’imagerie des phospholipides en ionisation négative et positive ont suggéré une distribution uniforme sur toute la longueur des tubes. Ces résultats ont été comparés à ceux obtenus sur des sections tissulaires minces de mouche entière acquis avec les deux polarités. Néanmoins, la structure tridimensionnelle complexe des tubes rénaux suggère que la microdissection est l’approche la plus favorable pour en étudier leur lipidome. Dans la deuxième étude, nous avons déterminé que l’addition de formate d’ammonium (AF) peut améliorer la détection des gangliosides par IMS dans le cerveau. Curieusement, il est nécessaire de rincer l’échantillon dans une solution d’AF avant l’addition de ce même sel suivit d’une conservation de l’échantillon dans un congélateur pendant 24 heures après la déposition de la matrice afin d’obtenir la meilleure augmentation de sensibilité. En moyenne, cette approche a permis d’augmenter l’intensité d’un facteur dix avec trois fois plus d’espèces de gangliosides détectées. De plus, malgré l’étape de lavage, nous n’avons pas observé la délocalisation des gangliosides puisqu’il est toujours possible d’obtenir les résultats d’IMS de qualité avec une résolution spatiale de 20 µm. Finalement, nous avons établi que le nitrate d’argent permet l’analyse des oléfines par IMS, en particulier du cholestérol. En optimisant le protocole de déposition par nébulisation, il est possible de générer une couche mince et homogène de nitrate d’argent ce qui rend la possibilité d’effectuer l’IMS à haute résolution spatiale, jusqu’à 10 µm, sans perte de qualité comparativement aux autres approches publiées. L’ensemble de ce travail démontre l’effet du sel sur la sélectivité et la sensibilité pour cibler les familles de lipides désirées, ce qui nécessite les études ultérieures sur le rôle de ces sels lors du processus de la désorption-ionisation. / Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) is currently the ionization method of choice for elucidating the spatial distribution of lipids on thin tissue sections. Despite the discovery of lipid friendly matrices such as 1,5-DAN for phospholipids and 2,5-DHB for triacylglycerols, there is a continued need to improve sensitivity. In the first study, we improved the overall sensitivity for phospholipids of entire fly Malpighian tubules microdissected in PBS with a two-step wash in glycerol followed by ammonium acetate that removed the bulk of the salt with minimal species delocalization and tubule displacement. We were able to detect phospholipids in both positive and negative ion modes and revealed an even distribution of most phospholipids along the length of this organ. We compared the method to the results from whole body fly sections acquired in dual-polarity mode at the same spatial resolution and found it to be more suitable for studying the tubules because of the complex three-dimensional structure of this organ within the fly. In the second study, we observed a marked improvement in ganglioside signals on mouse brain tissue sections with ammonium salt addition. Specifically, when the sample was first desalted in a low concentration ammonium formate solution, spray-coated with the same salt, coated with matrix and finally left in the freezer overnight before data acquisition, we observed an average overall improvement in ganglioside signal intensity by ten-fold and the number of species detected by three-fold. This method also did not affect the spatial distribution of the gangliosides, as high spatial resolution IMS results acquired at 20 µm showed no species delocalization. Finally, we sought to determine if salts could be employed directly as matrices. In this work, we tested silver-based metal salts and discovered that spray depositing silver nitrate alone is a viable method for the IMS detection of olefins, particularly cholesterol. With the optimized dry spray parameter, the overall deposition is homogeneous and composed of microscopic salt crystals that allow for high spatial resolution IMS down to 10 µm while maintaining acceptable overall signal quality comparable to that of previously published protocols. Overall, this thesis demonstrates we can manipulate the local salt distribution to influence the sensitivity and selectivity to target specific lipid subfamilies, opening the door for future research to understanding the role salts play during the laser desorption/ionization process.
22

Analysis of Glycerophospholipids and Sphingolipids in Murine Brain Using Liquid Chromatography – Electrospray Ionization - Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization – Imaging Mass Spectrometry

Nguyen, Thao January 2017 (has links)
Mass spectrometry is an indispensable tool in lipidomics research. Current advances and progress in the technology of mass spectrometry have allowed for the identification, quantification and characterization of lipid molecular species to further our understanding of their biological roles. In this thesis, I assessed the influence post-mortem times have on quantitative lipidomics. Using liquid chromatography - electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESIMS/MS) on a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer and multiple-reaction-monitoring (MRM) mode, the glycerophosphocholine (GPC) metabolites and second messengers in the hippocampus of N3 & N4 C57BL/6 x 129/SV were profiled at various post-mortem interval (PMI). I found that disruption to the GPC metabolite and second messengers lipidome occured as early as 1 hour postmortem and fluctuate up till at least 12 hours post-mortem. Therefore, PMI is a variable in lipidomic studies that must be controlled for, and brain samples which are collected with PMI variations must be matched to avoid misinterpretation. Subsequently, I developed a working protocol to visualize the location and distribution of different classes of glycerophospholipids, ceramides, and sphingomyelin in whole mouse brain sections. This visualization technique is novel because it does not require tissue staining or immunohistochemistry; instead, it was performed using an atmospheric-pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (AP-MALDI) source coupled to an orbitrap mass spectrometer. As part of this lipid visualization technique, I also developed a protocol for sublimation as a simple, effective and reproducible matrix application method for brain tissue. The lipid-compatible matrix, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), was assessed and optimized for imaging lipid targets. The high mass-resolution and accuracy characteristics of the orbitrap mass spectrometer and its capability to perform tandem mass spectrometry via high-collision dissociation allowed for the identification of approximately 200 different lipid species directly from brain tissue using the visualization technique I developed. Altogether, the work in this thesis has showed that post-mortem changes in the lipidome are quantifiable and has provided a novel avenue to further assess these changes by means of imaging mass spectrometry.

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