INTRODUCTION Since the expansion of the EU, several hundred thousand people from Eastern European countries have migrated to the UK, the majority of whom are Polish. Although no studies examining utilisation of mental health services by Polish workers in the UK could be found, research suggests that their knowledge of how to access health services is low, while rates of emergency psychiatric treatment are relatively high. The broader migrant literature suggests that migrants can perceive a cultural mismatch between themselves and services, find it difficult to access services due to logistical barriers, and often prefer to seek help from other sources. The current study sought to explore Polish migrants' responses to distress, with a focus on views about accessing psychological services. METHODS A cultural psychology framework using Charmaz's social constructionist method of grounded theory was adopted in the design of the research. Field work was conducted within the Polish community, and semi-structured interviews took place with Polish community members and key informants. Utilising data from a range of sources allowed for triangulation of the data, and credibility was further enhanced by member checking. Data were analysed using guidelines outlined by Charmaz supported by NVivo software. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Participants' responses to distress were congruent with their sense of identity and the norms of the social groups with which they identified. Polish cultural values emphasising family closeness, traditional gender roles and discomfort with difference influenced participants' help-seeking strategies. The majority of participants preferred to seek help from a close inner circle of family and friends, at least in the first instance. Participants from working class rural backgrounds appeared to adhere more strongly to traditional values and often saw psychological services as irrelevant to them, whereas seeing a therapist was viewed as fashionable for those from urban, middle-class social groups. Disappointment with Scottish primary care services led to reluctance to approach the NHS for help with emotional difficulties, while those who were satisfied with their treatment were open to this possibility. Private services were preferred in Poland, which could result in preferences for seeking help from private Polish therapists in Scotland. This may also allow problems to be contained within the broader Polish community in line with Polish cultural values. CONCLUSIONS Clinical psychology services in Scotland may not be well-placed to meet the needs of Polish migrant workers. NHS services should attempt to be more responsive to the needs of migrant groups in order that they are not discouraged from seeking help if required. Furthermore, it may be helpful to find ways of working with other organisations which migrants feel more comfortable approaching.

Este estudo buscou pesquisar como foi estruturado o processo de escolarização das escolas étnicas polonesas no Rio Grande do Sul. Tais escolas faziam parte de um sistema de ensino étnico que esteve relacionado com o processo de implantação de escolas privadas nos núcleos de imigração polonesa pelo Estado, por meio dos processos de construção étnica e identitária desses imigrantes. Teve como recorte temporal o início da imigração polonesa para o Rio Grande do Sul em 1875, até o processo da nacionalização do ensino em 1939, que decretou o fim do processo de escolarização da imigração no Brasil. A construção dessa narrativa teve como objetivo investigar como foi esse processo de escolarização desses imigrantes no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Ao longo do tempo, as práticas educacionais foram estabelecidas em diferentes perspectivas de acordo com os períodos históricos e os espaços configurados pela atividade humana. A organização de comunidades e de sociedades escolares, bem como a condução desses processos, que de algum modo responderam suficientemente aos anseios de ensino, formaram organizações de ensino étnico. Conhecer o processo de constituição histórica desses sistemas de ensino do passado ajuda-nos a compreender os modos e os sentidos da educação no presente. No início do processo de colonização, o analfabetismo era um problema constante. Não havia um amparo adequado por parte do governo em se tratando de educação. Dessa forma, os poloneses planejaram suas iniciativas educacionais, utilizando-se dos recursos que possuíam. Improvisaram escolas e professores com o objetivo de melhorar a instrução e o processo cultural nos núcleos e comunidades, sem qualquer acompanhamento oficial dos países de onde emigraram. Após o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, foi constatado que no Rio Grande do Sul houve um sistema de ensino com características típicas da cultura polonesa. Segundo o censo escolar da imigração polonesa no Brasil – realizado pelo Consulado da Polônia em Curitiba – até 1937, em diferentes núcleos e regiões do Rio Grande do Sul, foram organizadas 128 escolas étnicas polonesas com 4.560 alunos e 114 professores. Na história cultural, referência de leitura desse processo de ensino, privilegia-se a compreensão dos muitos aspectos que envolvem a reconstrução do passado em uma narrativa, no cuidado e no tratamento de diferentes tipos de fontes. Foram importantes aportes teóricos autores como Barth (1998) e Kreutz (2003), os quais relacionam o processo étnico com a construção social das comunidades. Com dois decretos sucessivos do presidente Getulio Vargas, em 1938 e 1939, todos os processos étnicos escolares da imigração foram sumariamente findados, prejudicando o fortalecimento e o desenvolvimento social e escolar dessas comunidades. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-04-13T19:39:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Adriano Malikoski.pdf: 5219307 bytes, checksum: 193cb2b8931f4fbc5e4f327cbc79a777 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-13T19:39:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Adriano Malikoski.pdf: 5219307 bytes, checksum: 193cb2b8931f4fbc5e4f327cbc79a777 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. / This study aimed to investigate how it was structured schooling process of the Polish ethnic schools in Rio Grande do Sul. Such schools were part of an ethnic education system that was related to the private schools deployment process in the nuclei of Polish immigration by the State, through ethnic and identity construction processes of these immigrants. Had the time frame the beginning of Polish immigration to the Rio Grande do Sul in 1875, until the process of nationalization of education in 1939, which decreed the end of the immigration schooling process in Brazil. The construction of this narrative aimed to investigate how was this process of schooling of these immigrants in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Over time, the educational practices were established in different perspectives according to the historical periods and spaces configured by human activity . The organization of communities and school companies, as well as driving this process that somehow sufficiently responded to educational aspirations formed from ethnic education organizations. Knowing the historical constitution of these education systems of the past helps us to understand the ways and meanings of education in the present. At the beginning of the colonization process, the literacy was a constant problem. There was adequate support from the government when it comes to education. Thus, the Poles planned their educational initiatives, using the resources they had. Improvised schools and teachers in order to improve education and the cultural process in the nuclei and communities without any official monitoring of countries to which they had emigrated. After the development of the research, it was found that in Rio Grande do Sul there was a school system with features typical of Polish culture. According to the school census of Polish immigration in Brazil - conducted by the Consulate of Poland in Curitiba - until 1937, on different cores and regions of Rio Grande do Sul, were organized 128 ethnic Polish schools with 4,560 students and 114 teachers. In cultural history, reference reading this teaching process, emphasis is placed on understanding of the many aspects involved in the reconstruction of the past in a narrative, in the care and treatment of different types of sources. Were important theoretical contributions authors as Barth (1998) and Kreutz (2003), which relate the ethnic process with the social construction of communities. With two successive decrees of President Getulio Vargas in 1938 and 1939, all school ethnic processes of immigration were summarily finished, damaging the building and social development and school these communities.

Este estudo buscou pesquisar como foi estruturado o processo de escolarização das escolas étnicas polonesas no Rio Grande do Sul. Tais escolas faziam parte de um sistema de ensino étnico que esteve relacionado com o processo de implantação de escolas privadas nos núcleos de imigração polonesa pelo Estado, por meio dos processos de construção étnica e identitária desses imigrantes. Teve como recorte temporal o início da imigração polonesa para o Rio Grande do Sul em 1875, até o processo da nacionalização do ensino em 1939, que decretou o fim do processo de escolarização da imigração no Brasil. A construção dessa narrativa teve como objetivo investigar como foi esse processo de escolarização desses imigrantes no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Ao longo do tempo, as práticas educacionais foram estabelecidas em diferentes perspectivas de acordo com os períodos históricos e os espaços configurados pela atividade humana. A organização de comunidades e de sociedades escolares, bem como a condução desses processos, que de algum modo responderam suficientemente aos anseios de ensino, formaram organizações de ensino étnico. Conhecer o processo de constituição histórica desses sistemas de ensino do passado ajuda-nos a compreender os modos e os sentidos da educação no presente. No início do processo de colonização, o analfabetismo era um problema constante. Não havia um amparo adequado por parte do governo em se tratando de educação. Dessa forma, os poloneses planejaram suas iniciativas educacionais, utilizando-se dos recursos que possuíam. Improvisaram escolas e professores com o objetivo de melhorar a instrução e o processo cultural nos núcleos e comunidades, sem qualquer acompanhamento oficial dos países de onde emigraram. Após o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, foi constatado que no Rio Grande do Sul houve um sistema de ensino com características típicas da cultura polonesa. Segundo o censo escolar da imigração polonesa no Brasil – realizado pelo Consulado da Polônia em Curitiba – até 1937, em diferentes núcleos e regiões do Rio Grande do Sul, foram organizadas 128 escolas étnicas polonesas com 4.560 alunos e 114 professores. Na história cultural, referência de leitura desse processo de ensino, privilegia-se a compreensão dos muitos aspectos que envolvem a reconstrução do passado em uma narrativa, no cuidado e no tratamento de diferentes tipos de fontes. Foram importantes aportes teóricos autores como Barth (1998) e Kreutz (2003), os quais relacionam o processo étnico com a construção social das comunidades. Com dois decretos sucessivos do presidente Getulio Vargas, em 1938 e 1939, todos os processos étnicos escolares da imigração foram sumariamente findados, prejudicando o fortalecimento e o desenvolvimento social e escolar dessas comunidades. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. / This study aimed to investigate how it was structured schooling process of the Polish ethnic schools in Rio Grande do Sul. Such schools were part of an ethnic education system that was related to the private schools deployment process in the nuclei of Polish immigration by the State, through ethnic and identity construction processes of these immigrants. Had the time frame the beginning of Polish immigration to the Rio Grande do Sul in 1875, until the process of nationalization of education in 1939, which decreed the end of the immigration schooling process in Brazil. The construction of this narrative aimed to investigate how was this process of schooling of these immigrants in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Over time, the educational practices were established in different perspectives according to the historical periods and spaces configured by human activity . The organization of communities and school companies, as well as driving this process that somehow sufficiently responded to educational aspirations formed from ethnic education organizations. Knowing the historical constitution of these education systems of the past helps us to understand the ways and meanings of education in the present. At the beginning of the colonization process, the literacy was a constant problem. There was adequate support from the government when it comes to education. Thus, the Poles planned their educational initiatives, using the resources they had. Improvised schools and teachers in order to improve education and the cultural process in the nuclei and communities without any official monitoring of countries to which they had emigrated. After the development of the research, it was found that in Rio Grande do Sul there was a school system with features typical of Polish culture. According to the school census of Polish immigration in Brazil - conducted by the Consulate of Poland in Curitiba - until 1937, on different cores and regions of Rio Grande do Sul, were organized 128 ethnic Polish schools with 4,560 students and 114 teachers. In cultural history, reference reading this teaching process, emphasis is placed on understanding of the many aspects involved in the reconstruction of the past in a narrative, in the care and treatment of different types of sources. Were important theoretical contributions authors as Barth (1998) and Kreutz (2003), which relate the ethnic process with the social construction of communities. With two successive decrees of President Getulio Vargas in 1938 and 1939, all school ethnic processes of immigration were summarily finished, damaging the building and social development and school these communities.