Les immigrants forment une partie grandissante de la population dans les pays d’occident. En ce sens, il est de plus en plus pertinent d’étudier leurs conditions de vie et leur intégration. Pour ce faire, au Canada, le gouvernement fédéral a mis en place deux enquêtes : Enquête longitudinale auprès des immigrants du Canada (ELIC) et la Base de données longitudinales sur les immigrants (BDIM). Comme les bases de données longitudinales d’immigrants ont possiblement une attrition non-aléatoire supérieure aux natifs, il est donc encore plus pertinent de venir corriger le biais de sélection potentiel que cela peut occasionnés. Ce mémoire teste deux techniques de correction, soit l’application de poids statistiques inversés et un modèle de correction non-pondéré à trois équations. Dans les deux cas, nous corrigeons la participation au marché du travail et le revenu de travail, mais seul le modèle à trois équations corrige la non-participation au panel. Nous constatons que la correction non-pondérée apporte une meilleure correction du biais sur la participation au marché du travail, mais aucune technique s’est avérée meilleure dans la correction de l’équation de revenu. / Immigrants are a growing part of the population in western countries. In this sense, it is more relevant to study their conditions and their integrations. To do so, in Canada, the federal government has developed two datasets: Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (LSIC) and the Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB). In immigrant panels the non-random attrition is likely higher than in native one. Thus, it is relevant to correct this bias. In this paper, we test two correction techniques. We compare statistical weighting and a three equations unweighted correction. In those two cases, we are correcting for participation in the labor market, but only the unweighted procedure corrects for the participation in the panel. We found that the unweighted has a better correction on the bias on the labor market participation, but no estimator has correctly corrected the wage rates.

This thesis comprises three essays on the international movement of merchandise and people. The first essay measures the effects of foreign aid flows on a donor's merchandise exports. On average, donor countries tie approximately 50% of their foreign aid to exports, but the export stimulation of aid may exceed the amount that is directly tied. This essay uses the gravity model of trade to statistically test the link between aid and export expansion. The results suggest that aid is associated with an increase in exports of goods amounting to 120% of the aid. The essay also makes comparisons among donors and finds that Japan, which has drawn harsh criticism for using aid to gain unfair trade advantages, derives less merchandise exports from aid than the average donor. The second essay investigates the effects of immigration on Canada's pattern of trade. I derive three alternative functional forms capturing the relationship between immigration and trade based on the proposition that immigrants use their superior "market intelligence" to exploit new trade opportunities. I then employ province-level trade data with over 150 trading partners to identify immigrant effects and obtain results suggesting that immigrants account for over 10% of Canada's exports. The third essay addresses the question of whether tax differences contribute toward the brain drain from Canada to the U.S. This essay tests whether the U.S.'s lower taxes draw Canadians south by examining a sample of Canadians living in Canada and a sample of Canadians living in the U.S. Using information from these samples I estimate how much these individuals would earn in the opposite country and estimate the taxes they would pay. I find that the people who have the most to gain in income and in tax-savings are the most likely to choose to live in the U.S., and thus corroborate the claim that tax differences contribute toward Canada's brain drain.

Canadian politicians have stated that India-Canada relations are grounded in "people-to-people links". These links have been formed over the last century through a process of immigration that articulates specific regions of India—Doaba in Punjab—with particular regions of Canada—initially British Columbia, and now the metropolitan areas of Toronto and Vancouver. Employing the theoretical lens of transnationalism and a methodological approach based on networks, this thesis argues that the presence of extensive transnational linkages connecting immigrants to their sites of origin, rather than limit national Canadian citizenship practice, can actually enhance it. I examine how Punjabi immigrants activate linkages that span borders and fuse distant communities and localities, as well as highlighting how the state is involved in the regulation and monitoring of such connections. My findings indicate that the operation of state officials varies according to the nature of the exchange. Whereas immigration is differentially controlled at the micro-scale of the individual according to a range of factors such as race, class and gender; inanimate objects such as goods and capital are less regulated, despite the significant material effects associated with their transmission. Indian immigrants are not however, passive recipients of state regulation at the scale of the individual, and instead emerge as active participants in a Canadian democratic system that enables the individual to challenge certain bureaucratic decisions and hold federal departments accountable. In addition, contrary to ideas of transnational immigrant actors possessing new forms of transnational or "post-national" citizenship, this research suggests that immigrants value the traditional right of citizenship to protect national borders and determine who may gain access.

The purpose of this research was to investigate what traditional healing practices African immigrants are using and have ceased to use, during the process of resettlement into Canadian society. An additional purpose was to investigate the participants' reasons for using or not using their traditional healing practices. One aim of the study was to provide information about these traditional differences and the ways in which professionals in the social service sector acknowledged African immigrants and have been helpful to them. Another aim of the study was to identify whether, and in what ways, professionals have been helpful. The study is important not only for social workers and human service professionals, but also for African immigrants themselves as well as for African immigrant community groups within Victoria. The African immigrants' traditional practices and the ways in which they adapt and resettle into the new society remain unknown in the literature. Perhaps, the African immigrants common challenges and their unique traditional approach to resettlement into the Canadian society have not yet captured the full attention of social work and human service professionals. This study was grounded in structural theory, migration theory, settlement theory and adaptation theory in order to draw theoretical understanding of the relationship between immigrants resettlement process and their experiences. The research was qualitative and exploratory. It included a participatory interview design. Twenty African immigrants from five different regions of Africa participated in the study. Two distinct traditional practices were identified (i.e. material tradition and non material tradition) which are the foundation of African immigrants traditional healing practices. This research has found that the use or abstention of traditional healing practices in re-settlement depends on the participants reasons for migration. There were distinct differences in the use or non-use of traditional healing practices between those who planned (economic), and those who were forced (political) to migrate

Canadian politicians have stated that India-Canada relations are grounded in "people-to-people links". These links have been formed over the last century through a process of immigration that articulates specific regions of India—Doaba in Punjab—with particular regions of Canada—initially British Columbia, and now the metropolitan areas of Toronto and Vancouver. Employing the theoretical lens of transnationalism and a methodological approach based on networks, this thesis argues that the presence of extensive transnational linkages connecting immigrants to their sites of origin, rather than limit national Canadian citizenship practice, can actually enhance it. I examine how Punjabi immigrants activate linkages that span borders and fuse distant communities and localities, as well as highlighting how the state is involved in the regulation and monitoring of such connections. My findings indicate that the operation of state officials varies according to the nature of the exchange. Whereas immigration is differentially controlled at the micro-scale of the individual according to a range of factors such as race, class and gender; inanimate objects such as goods and capital are less regulated, despite the significant material effects associated with their transmission. Indian immigrants are not however, passive recipients of state regulation at the scale of the individual, and instead emerge as active participants in a Canadian democratic system that enables the individual to challenge certain bureaucratic decisions and hold federal departments accountable. In addition, contrary to ideas of transnational immigrant actors possessing new forms of transnational or "post-national" citizenship, this research suggests that immigrants value the traditional right of citizenship to protect national borders and determine who may gain access. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this research was to investigate what traditional healing practices African immigrants are using and have ceased to use, during the process of resettlement into Canadian society. An additional purpose was to investigate the participants' reasons for using or not using their traditional healing practices. One aim of the study was to provide information about these traditional differences and the ways in which professionals in the social service sector acknowledged African immigrants and have been helpful to them. Another aim of the study was to identify whether, and in what ways, professionals have been helpful. The study is important not only for social workers and human service professionals, but also for African immigrants themselves as well as for African immigrant community groups within Victoria. The African immigrants' traditional practices and the ways in which they adapt and resettle into the new society remain unknown in the literature. Perhaps, the African immigrants common challenges and their unique traditional approach to resettlement into the Canadian society have not yet captured the full attention of social work and human service professionals. This study was grounded in structural theory, migration theory, settlement theory and adaptation theory in order to draw theoretical understanding of the relationship between immigrants resettlement process and their experiences. The research was qualitative and exploratory. It included a participatory interview design. Twenty African immigrants from five different regions of Africa participated in the study. Two distinct traditional practices were identified (i.e. material tradition and non material tradition) which are the foundation of African immigrants traditional healing practices. This research has found that the use or abstention of traditional healing practices in re-settlement depends on the participants reasons for migration. There were distinct differences in the use or non-use of traditional healing practices between those who planned (economic), and those who were forced (political) to migrate / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

This thesis comprises three essays on the international movement of merchandise and people. The first essay measures the effects of foreign aid flows on a donor's merchandise exports. On average, donor countries tie approximately 50% of their foreign aid to exports, but the export stimulation of aid may exceed the amount that is directly tied. This essay uses the gravity model of trade to statistically test the link between aid and export expansion. The results suggest that aid is associated with an increase in exports of goods amounting to 120% of the aid. The essay also makes comparisons among donors and finds that Japan, which has drawn harsh criticism for using aid to gain unfair trade advantages, derives less merchandise exports from aid than the average donor. The second essay investigates the effects of immigration on Canada's pattern of trade. I derive three alternative functional forms capturing the relationship between immigration and trade based on the proposition that immigrants use their superior "market intelligence" to exploit new trade opportunities. I then employ province-level trade data with over 150 trading partners to identify immigrant effects and obtain results suggesting that immigrants account for over 10% of Canada's exports. The third essay addresses the question of whether tax differences contribute toward the brain drain from Canada to the U.S. This essay tests whether the U.S.'s lower taxes draw Canadians south by examining a sample of Canadians living in Canada and a sample of Canadians living in the U.S. Using information from these samples I estimate how much these individuals would earn in the opposite country and estimate the taxes they would pay. I find that the people who have the most to gain in income and in tax-savings are the most likely to choose to live in the U.S., and thus corroborate the claim that tax differences contribute toward Canada's brain drain. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

Anglophone women, working in a new capacity as federal civil servants, exercised a significant influence on Canadian immigration policy in the interwar years. This dissertation focuses on the women's division of the Canadian Department of Immigration and Colonization, an agency charged with recruiting British women for domestic service from 1919 to 1938. The division was a product of the women's wing of the social reform movement and prevailing theories of gender difference and anglo-superiority. Tracing its nearly twenty years of operations shows how the division, initially regarded as a source of imperial strength and a means of English Canada's cultural survival, came to symbolize the disadvantages of Canada's connection to Great Britain and supposed weaknesses inherent in the female character. This institutional study explores the real and imagined connections among gender, imperialism, and the changing socio-economic landscape of interwar Canada.

No description available.

Au-delà de l’origine ou du statut d’admission, les immigrants qui arrivent au Canada se distinguent aussi selon que certains d’entre eux sont à leur première expérience de migration internationale, alors que d’autres en ont connu plusieurs avant leur arrivée en sol canadien. Cependant, en dehors de l’expérience canadienne, le parcours migratoire avant l’arrivée au Canada a peu retenu l’attention dans la littérature sur l’insertion économique des immigrants. À cela s’ajoute le fait que les travaux sur cette insertion se concentrent très souvent sur deux indicateurs de l’insertion économique : les taux d’emploi et de chômage, ainsi que le revenu (Frenette et Morissette, 2005 ; Dempsey, 2006). Lorsque les caractéristiques des emplois sont considérées (rémunération, qualification, etc.), celles-ci sont généralement traitées individuellement (Boudarbat et Montmarquette, 2016 ; Frank et Hou, 2017). Pour notre part, il nous apparait important d’analyser l’insertion économique sous l’angle de la qualité de l’emploi, qui présente l’avantage de combiner plusieurs de ces aspects à la fois (Gilmore, 2009 ; Boulet, 2015). La thèse s’inscrit dans cette perspective, se proposant d’examiner la relation entre le parcours migratoire international pré-Canada et la qualité de l’emploi chez les immigrants. Les données utilisées proviennent de l’Enquête longitudinale auprès des immigrants du Canada (ELIC), effectuée conjointement par Statistique Canada et Citoyenneté et immigration Canada (CIC)1 . La population à l’étude appartient à la cohorte arrivée entre octobre 2000 et septembre 2001. La qualité de l’emploi est mesurée au moyen d’un indicateur synthétique construit à partir de plusieurs dimensions, dont la démarche est inspirée de celle de l’Institut de la Statistique de Québec (Cloutier et Robinson, 2015). Sur le plan de l’analyse, il est d’abord question de décrire les profils sociodémographiques à l’arrivée, selon le parcours migratoire pré-Canada. Cela permettra de vérifier en quoi ceux ayant vécu dans d’autres pays se distinguent de ceux pour lesquels le Canada représente une première expérience migratoire internationale. Il s’agira par la suite d’évaluer l’effet 1 Maintenant Immigration, Réfugiés et Citoyenneté Canada (IRCC). iii du parcours migratoire pré-Canada sur la qualité de l’emploi, deux et quatre ans après l’arrivée. Sur le plan théorique, l’étude s’appuie sur le paradigme de la mobilité qui considère que la conception linéaire de la migration doit être dépassée. L’approche privilégiée semble désormais être celle qui consiste à étudier les migrations internationales en tenant compte des trajectoires dynamiques et multidirectionnelles des immigrants. Dans cette perspective, de nombreux travaux soutiennent que les migrations multiples contribuent à l’enrichissement du capital humain et social des migrants. Dès lors, l’hypothèse centrale de cette thèse est que les expériences de vie et de travail acquises au cours de leurs expériences de migration prédisposent les immigrants ayant vécu dans d’autres pays2 avant leur arrivée à occuper des emplois de meilleure qualité, par rapport à ceux pour lesquels le Canada représente une première expérience migratoire internationale. Du point de vue des caractéristiques à l’arrivée, l’analyse de nos résultats laisse voir des profils qui diffèrent selon le parcours migratoire pré-Canada. Ce qui est surtout remarquable reste le fait que les immigrants originaires de pays moins développés ayant vécu dans des pays développés présentent un profil assez spécifique, par rapport à leurs homologues ayant seulement vécu dans des pays moins développés. En ce qui concerne la trajectoire d’emploi et le niveau de qualité des emplois, nos résultats révèlent que toutes les expériences de migrations pré-Canada ne procurent pas les mêmes avantages. Ainsi, le fait de n’avoir jamais vécu dans un pays développé est associé à des parcours d’emploi plus instables et à des emplois de moins bonne qualité. Toutefois, l’effet du parcours migratoire pré-Canada sur la qualité de l’emploi varie selon la région d’origine et s’estompe de manière générale au bout de quatre ans après l’arrivée. En allant au-delà des facteurs habituellement pris en considération pour prendre en compte le parcours migratoire pré-Canada, cette étude aura contribué sur le plan 2 En dehors de leurs pays de naissance iv théorique à l’amélioration des connaissances sur les facteurs d’insertion économique chez les immigrants. Sur le plan empirique, la construction d’un indicateur synthétique de la qualité de l’emploi, sur la base d’indicateurs objectifs et subjectifs, avec l’utilisation d’une méthode statistique de pondération des indicateurs retenus, aura été une contribution majeure de cette étude. / Beyond origin or admission status, immigrants arriving in Canada are also distinguished by that some of them have their first international migration path, while others have had several before their arrival in Canada. However, except from the Canadian experience, the migration path of people coming in Canada has received little attention in the literature on the economic integration of immigrants. Added to this, the fact that work on the economic integration of immigrants very often focuses on two indicators of this integration: the employment and unemployment rate, then income (Frenette and Morissette, 2005; Dempsey, 2006). When the characteristics of jobs are considered (remuneration, qualification, etc.), these are generally treated individually (Boudarbat and Montmarquette, 2016; Frank and Hou, 2017). For our part, it seems important to us to analyze economic integration from the point of view of the quality of employment, which has the advantage of combining several of these aspects at the same time (Gilmore, 2009; Boulet, 2015). This thesis is part of this perspective and aims to examine the relationship between pre-Canada international migration path and the quality of employment. To this purpose, we are using the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (LSIC) from Statistics Canada and Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC)3 . The sample contains all individuals who arrived in Canada between October 2000 and September 2001. To understand the quality of employment, the approach consists in building a synthetic indicator from several dimensions. In terms of analysis, it is first a question of describing the socio-demographic profiles of immigrants on arrival according to their pre-Canada migration routes. This will test how those who have lived in other countries differ from those for whom Canada represents a first experience of international migration. It will then be a question of assessing the effect of the preCanada migratory journey on the quality of employment two and four years after arrival. 3 Now Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). vi On a theoretical level, the study is based on the paradigm of mobility, which considers that the linear conception of migration must be exceeded. The preferred approach now seems to be that of studying international migration considering the dynamic and multidirectional trajectories of immigrants. In this perspective, several studies maintain that multiple migrations contribute to the enrichment of the human and social capital of migrants. Thus, the central hypothesis of this thesis is that the life and work experiences acquired during their different migratory journeys predispose immigrants who lived in other countries4 before arrival to occupy better quality jobs compared to those for whom Canada represents a first international migration experience. According to characteristics upon arrival, the analysis of our results reveals different profiles that differ according to the pre-Canada migratory route. What is especially remarkable is the fact that immigrants from less developed countries who have lived in developed countries have a specific profile compared to their counterparts who have lived only in less developed countries. About the employment trajectory and the level of job quality, our results reveal that not all pre-Canada migration routes provide the same benefits. Thus, having never lived in a developed country is associated with more unstable employment paths and poorer quality jobs. However, the effect of the pre-Canada migration journey on job quality varies by region of origin and generally fades after four years after arrival. By going beyond the factors usually considered to consider pre-arrival migration experiences, this study will have contributed, theoretically, to improving knowledge of the factors of economic integration of immigrants in the context Canadian. On the empirical level, the construction of a synthetic indicator of the quality of employment based on objective and subjective indicators with the use of a statistical method of weighting of the selected indicators, will have been a major contribution of this study.