O Antígeno 1 de Membrana Apical (AMA-1) de Plasmodium sp tem sido sugerido como candidato a compor uma vacina contra a malária. No presente estudo geramos cinco proteínas recombinantes baseadas em diferentes regiões do ectodomínio de AMA-1 de Plasmodium vivax, o qual compreende os domínios I a III, com intuito de mapear regiões particularmente imunogênicas da proteína. Cada uma das cinco proteínas recombinantes foi expressa em Eschericha coli a partir do vetor pET-28a em fusão com a cauda de histidina e purificadas por cromatografia de afinidade. As diferentes proteínas recombinantes foram comparadas, por ELISA, quanto ao reconhecimento por anticorpos IgM, IgG e subclasses de IgG de 100 indivíduos infectados por P. vivax procedentes de áreas endêmicas do Estado do Pará e 32 indivíduos não infectados que relataram terem sido acometidos de mais de 10 episódios prévios de malária procedentes do município de Terra Nova do Norte (MT). As freqüências de indivíduos que apresentaram anticorpos IgM foram mais baixas e variaram de 4% (DIII) a 36% (DII-III). Por outro lado, as freqüências de indivíduos que apresentaram anticorpos IgG para DI, DII, DIII, DI-II e DII-III foram 13%, 65%, 12%, 59% e 58%, respectivamente. Podemos observar que as proteínas recombinantes contendo o DII foram particularmente imunogênicas durante a infecção natural. Com o objetivo de avaliar se os epítopos reconhecidos nas cinco proteínas baseadas nos diferentes domínios estão expostos na proteína recombinante correspondente ao ectodomínio (DI-III) gerada previamente, realizamos ensaios de inibição por ELISA utilizando placas sensibilizadas com a proteína DI-III. Nossos resultados sugerem a presença de um maior número de epítopos comuns entre as proteínas recombinantes baseadas nos domínios I-II e ectodomínio de AMA-1. Além disso, observamos que a proporção de indivíduos que apresentaram anticorpos contra DII, DI-II e DII-III aumentou de acordo com o maior número de exposições prévias ao P. vivax. As subclasses de IgG que predominaram contra todas as proteínas foram IgG1, IgG3 e IgG4. Em conjunto, nossos resultados sugerem que as proteínas recombinantes contendo o DII podem ser exploradas em futuros estudos de indução de imunidade protetora contra malária vivax em primatas não-humanos. / The Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA-1) of Plasmodium sp has been suggested as a vaccine candidate against malaria. Herein, to identify novel antigenic epitopes on the Plasmodium vivax AMA-1 ectodomain, we have generated five recombinant proteins, comprising domains I to III. All recombinant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli using the pET-28a vector system fused to hexahistidine tag for purification by affinity chromatography. Recognition of recombinant proteins by antibodies was evaluated using a panel of sera collected from onehundred P. vivax -infected patients resident in the State of Pará and from thirty-two non-infected individuals, living in the State of Mato Grosso and who have faced a minimum of ten malaria episodes. ELISA analyses demonstrated that protein recognition was highly dependent on IgG antibodies, raging from 13%, 65%, 12%, 59% up to 58%, respectively for DI, DII, DIII, DI-II and DII-III domains. Indeed, we have noticed a lower frequency of recognition, ranging from 4% (DIII) to 36% (DII-III), by sera from those individuals that presented IgM antibodies. Collectively, these data suggest that the DII domain is particularly immunogenic during natural infections. Next, to verify whether the epitopes recognized in these five different recombinant proteins were also expressed in a recombinant protein spanning domains I through III (DI-III), we carried out ELISA inhibition assays using plates coated with the DI-III recombinant protein. Our findings revealed the presence of a higher number of common epitopes among recombinant proteins based on domains I-II and the AMA-1 ectodomain. Moreover, we observed that the proportion of individuals who had presented antibodies against DII, DI-II and DII-III domains increased according to the previous number of P. vivax episodes. Overall, IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4 antibodies were prevalent to all proteins. Taken together, our results demonstrated that DII domain is highly recognized, mainly by IgG antibodies; and open promising perspectives to use this region as an experimental vaccine in non-human primates capable to induce protective immunity against vivax malaria.

O Antígeno 1 de Membrana Apical (AMA-1) de Plasmodium sp tem sido sugerido como candidato a compor uma vacina contra a malária. No presente estudo geramos cinco proteínas recombinantes baseadas em diferentes regiões do ectodomínio de AMA-1 de Plasmodium vivax, o qual compreende os domínios I a III, com intuito de mapear regiões particularmente imunogênicas da proteína. Cada uma das cinco proteínas recombinantes foi expressa em Eschericha coli a partir do vetor pET-28a em fusão com a cauda de histidina e purificadas por cromatografia de afinidade. As diferentes proteínas recombinantes foram comparadas, por ELISA, quanto ao reconhecimento por anticorpos IgM, IgG e subclasses de IgG de 100 indivíduos infectados por P. vivax procedentes de áreas endêmicas do Estado do Pará e 32 indivíduos não infectados que relataram terem sido acometidos de mais de 10 episódios prévios de malária procedentes do município de Terra Nova do Norte (MT). As freqüências de indivíduos que apresentaram anticorpos IgM foram mais baixas e variaram de 4% (DIII) a 36% (DII-III). Por outro lado, as freqüências de indivíduos que apresentaram anticorpos IgG para DI, DII, DIII, DI-II e DII-III foram 13%, 65%, 12%, 59% e 58%, respectivamente. Podemos observar que as proteínas recombinantes contendo o DII foram particularmente imunogênicas durante a infecção natural. Com o objetivo de avaliar se os epítopos reconhecidos nas cinco proteínas baseadas nos diferentes domínios estão expostos na proteína recombinante correspondente ao ectodomínio (DI-III) gerada previamente, realizamos ensaios de inibição por ELISA utilizando placas sensibilizadas com a proteína DI-III. Nossos resultados sugerem a presença de um maior número de epítopos comuns entre as proteínas recombinantes baseadas nos domínios I-II e ectodomínio de AMA-1. Além disso, observamos que a proporção de indivíduos que apresentaram anticorpos contra DII, DI-II e DII-III aumentou de acordo com o maior número de exposições prévias ao P. vivax. As subclasses de IgG que predominaram contra todas as proteínas foram IgG1, IgG3 e IgG4. Em conjunto, nossos resultados sugerem que as proteínas recombinantes contendo o DII podem ser exploradas em futuros estudos de indução de imunidade protetora contra malária vivax em primatas não-humanos. / The Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA-1) of Plasmodium sp has been suggested as a vaccine candidate against malaria. Herein, to identify novel antigenic epitopes on the Plasmodium vivax AMA-1 ectodomain, we have generated five recombinant proteins, comprising domains I to III. All recombinant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli using the pET-28a vector system fused to hexahistidine tag for purification by affinity chromatography. Recognition of recombinant proteins by antibodies was evaluated using a panel of sera collected from onehundred P. vivax -infected patients resident in the State of Pará and from thirty-two non-infected individuals, living in the State of Mato Grosso and who have faced a minimum of ten malaria episodes. ELISA analyses demonstrated that protein recognition was highly dependent on IgG antibodies, raging from 13%, 65%, 12%, 59% up to 58%, respectively for DI, DII, DIII, DI-II and DII-III domains. Indeed, we have noticed a lower frequency of recognition, ranging from 4% (DIII) to 36% (DII-III), by sera from those individuals that presented IgM antibodies. Collectively, these data suggest that the DII domain is particularly immunogenic during natural infections. Next, to verify whether the epitopes recognized in these five different recombinant proteins were also expressed in a recombinant protein spanning domains I through III (DI-III), we carried out ELISA inhibition assays using plates coated with the DI-III recombinant protein. Our findings revealed the presence of a higher number of common epitopes among recombinant proteins based on domains I-II and the AMA-1 ectodomain. Moreover, we observed that the proportion of individuals who had presented antibodies against DII, DI-II and DII-III domains increased according to the previous number of P. vivax episodes. Overall, IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4 antibodies were prevalent to all proteins. Taken together, our results demonstrated that DII domain is highly recognized, mainly by IgG antibodies; and open promising perspectives to use this region as an experimental vaccine in non-human primates capable to induce protective immunity against vivax malaria.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Solid organ transplantation is limited by available donor allografts. Pig to human transplantation, xenotransplantation, could potentially solve this problem if physiologic and immunologic incompatibilities are overcome. Genetic modifications of pigs have proven valuable in the study of xenotransplantation by improving pig to human compatibility. More genetic targets must be identified for clinical success. First, this study examines platelet homeostasis incompatibilities leading to acute thrombocytopenia in liver xenotransplantation. Mechanisms for xenogeneic thrombocytopenia were evaluated using liver macrophages, Kupffer cells, leading to identification of CD18, beta-2 integrin, as a potential target for modification. When disruption of CD18 was accomplished, human platelet binding and clearance by pig Kupffer cells was inhibited. Further, human and pig platelet surface carbohydrates were examined demonstrating significant differences in carbohydrates known to be involved with platelet homeostasis. Carbohydrate recognition domains of receptors responsible for platelet clearance Macrophage antigen complex-1 (CD11b/CD18) and Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 in pigs were found to be different from those in humans, further supporting the involvement of platelet surface carbohydrate differences in xenogeneic thrombocytopenia. Second, immunologic incompatibilities due to antibody recognition of antigens resulting in antibody-mediated rejection were studied. Identification of relevant targets was systematically approached through evaluation of a known xenoantigenic protein fibronectin from genetically modified pigs. N-Glycolylneuraminic acid, a sialic acid not found in humans, was expressed on pig fibronectin and was identified as an antigenic epitope recognized by human IgG. These studies have provided further insight into xenogeneic thrombocytopenia and antibody-mediated rejection, and have identified potential targets to improve pig to human transplant compatibility.