Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-13T12:10:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-03-02. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-07-13T12:25:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000836820.pdf: 1098514 bytes, checksum: 8d0919aa71457a71b0507dc0029834bb (MD5) / Por trás do aumento populacional e crescimento econômico dos países em desenvolvimento, está a urbanização, que transforma de forma drástica os limites das cidades modernas, fazendo com que aumentem suas áreas de maneira rápida e, muitas vezes, pouco consciente. Como consequência desse crescimento, as cidades têm enfrentado problemas graves, como alterações na vazão de pico, aumento na quantidade de veículos, desmatamentos frequentes e, consequentemente, mais lixo doméstico. Na região Sudeste, assim como nas outras regiões do País, as incorporadoras preferem transformar grandes áreas rurais em loteamentos fechados. Essa escolha pode ser justificada pela segurança que tal tipo de negócio proporciona, que facilita as vendas, e também pelo valor agregado a esse tipo de empreendimento. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar os impactos ambientais gerados por esse tipo de incorporação, visando à sua representação numérica. E, com isso, facilitar a análise desses impactos, bem como a representação do seu potencial impactante. O material utilizado para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi o Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) e Relatório de Impacto Ambiental (RIMA) do empreendimento, além de bibliografia relacionada ao tema e do acompanhamento da implantação da obra e de programas de monitoramento ambiental sugeridos. Para a representação numérica dos impactos ambientais, foram criados pesos para seus indicadores e fatores que permitiram alcançar o objetivo do estudo. Para a obtenção dos pesos que caracterizaram cada indicador ambiental, foi feita uma análise dos danos que cada um proporcionaria ao meio ambiente, se ocorresse isoladamente, e, depois, para que houvesse interação entre eles, foi aplicado uma matriz fundamentada na Matriz de Leopold. Alguns fatores foram criados levando em conta a probabilidade de ocorrência de cada evento e a eficiência das medidas mitigadoras para cada um dos impactos... / As the population of the cities are increasing and the economic growth of developing countries, urbanization has been changing drastically the limits of the new cities. Moreover, the areas of these cities have been growing quickly and unconsciously. Consequently, these cities are facing serious problems such as floods, more vehicles, deforestation and domestic garbage. In the southeast region, as well as in other regions in the country, construction companies prefer transforming big rural areas in closed allotments. This is due to the safety that they provide, which make sales more easily and the value of this enterprise also grows. The goal of this study is to evaluate the environmental impacts generated by this kind of enterprise, aiming their numerical representation, and, therefore make their analysis easier. The material used for developing this work was the Environmental Impact Study (EIS) and the Environmental Impact Report (EIR) of the enterprise, besides some bibliographies related to the theme and monitor of the construction and environmental monitoring programs suggested. For the numerical representation of the environmental impacts were created weights to its indicators and factors which had the objective of the study, to obtain the weights that characterized each environmental indicator, an analysis of the damage that each provide the environment was made, if it occurred alone and then there was interaction between them a matrix based on the Leopold matrix was applied. Some factors were created to represent the probability of occurrence of each event and the effectiveness of mitigation measures for each of the listed environmental impacts, so the analysis becomes more complete and realistic, resulting in a more reliable numerical representation. At the end of the study can be seen that the objective of this research was reached once did a representation of environmental impacts of easy analysis and good reliability was obtained

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-13T12:10:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-03-02. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-07-13T12:25:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000836829.pdf: 629837 bytes, checksum: 0aedb63e8344bb438b07d1f3eeeda876 (MD5) / Esta dissertação consiste em um estudo sobre a emissão de gases causada por veículos automotores na cidade de Ilha Solteira - SP. Para tal, busca-se a classificação dos veículos de acordo com parâmetros de categorização e tipo de combustível. A coleta de dados foi realizada em fontes de pesquisa governamentais e não governamentais e, posteriormente a classificação dos veículos, a quantificação e qualificação das emissões. A análise dos dados foi feita através do Método Top-Down e Método Bottom-Up. A partir desta metodologia, constatou-se que a cidade de Ilha Solteira emite através dos veículos automotores uma quantidade significativa de gases poluentes. Este trabalho visa levantar informações sobre a quantidade de gases emitidos por veículos automotores, qualificando-os para análise de impactos / This dissertation is a study about gas emissions caused by motor vehicles in the city of Ilha Solteira - SP. For this purpose, was used the classification of vehicles according to categorization of parameters and type of fuel. The data collection was performed in governmental and non-governmental sources of research and, subsequently, the vehicle classification, quantification and qualification of emissions. For the data analysis, was employed the Top-Down Method and Bottom-Up Method. From this methodology, it was verified that the city of Ilha Solteira emits through of automotive vehicles a significant amount of polluting gases. The objective of the search was gather informations about the amount of gases emitted by motor vehicles and qualifying them for impact analysis

Beach‐cast kelp (principally Laminaria spp.), known as macroalgal wrack, has been suggested as a feedstock for biofuel. However, to be extracted sustainably it is necessary to understand its ecological role and predict the impacts of its removal. Field‐based observations combined with food web modelling were used to predict the ecosystem effects of removing wrack from beaches of the Uists, western Scotland. Beaches with wrack were associated with enriched benthic infauna (polychaetes) on the lower shore, and wrack mounds supported abundant macroinvertebrates (mainly Diptera larvae and oligochaetes); with some of the highest biomasses reported globally for beaches. These fauna are valuable prey to shorebirds, as demonstrated by a strong positive relationship (R2 = 0.82) between wader abundances and the percentage cover of wrack on beaches. Inshore, drifting macroalgae was associated with elevated abundances of detritivorous hyperbenthic fauna (mysids, isopods and gammarid amphipods). In addition, the volume of drifting macroalgae inshore was a significant predictor (along with physical beach characteristics) for the abundance of decapods and fish. Food web models and network analysis indicated that beaches which accumulate wrack had a greater diversity of trophic links and more functional redundancy, making their food webs more resilient to perturbations. Such perturbations may include stressors induced by climate change, such as increased erosion of sediments during storms, elevated atmospheric and sea surface temperatures and elevated CO2 concentrations. Model simulations of wrack harvesting predicted an immediate decline in primary consumers in direct proportion to the quantity of wrack removed, and a slow decline in shorebirds in response to reduced prey. Primary consumers were predicted to recover to their pre‐harvest biomasses within 1 to 2 years regardless of harvesting intensity, but recovery times for shorebirds were an order of magnitude longer, and increased with harvesting intensity. Harvesting more than 50% wrack predicted a ‘collapse’ in wader populations within 25 years, and recovery times of 45‐60 years were estimated if >70% wrack was removed. The findings of this thesis suggest wrack provides essential food and shelter to coastal fauna, and its large‐scale removal would have significant negative impacts to the ecosystem functioning.

Orientador: José Arnaldo Frutuoso Roveda / Coorientador: Admilson Írio Ribeiro / Banca: Neli Regina Siqueira Ortega / Banca: Gerson Araújo de Medeiros / Resumo: O processo de Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA) surgiu na década de 1960, nos EUA e começou a ser utilizado no Brasil, a partir da década de 1970, principalmente para fins de licenciamento ambiental. É composto por um conjunto de procedimentos utilizados para prever, recuperar e/ou mitigar os danos causados ao meio ambiente. Estudos para a otimização desse processo são feitos frequentemente de forma a buscar ferramentas que auxiliem na tomada de decisão e agilização na liberação de licenças ambientais. Os principais métodos utilizados para a previsão e avaliação de impactos são: listas de verificação, matrizes e redes de interação, superposição de mapas e modelos de simulação. Esta dissertação apresenta uma metodologia que aplica a Teoria dos Conjuntos Fuzzy para ser utilizada no processo de AIA. A intenção é mostrar uma ferramenta que auxilie na análise de impacto ambiental e/ou possibilite que a mesma seja realizada de forma mais abrangente. A partir dos parâmetros Duração, Temporalidade, Reversibilidade e Magnitude, apresentados na matriz de avaliação do Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) de um empreendimento automobilístico, construiu-se dois sistemas baseados em regras para determinar a Significância e a Relevância dos impactos. Os resultados foram bastante significativos de modo que o uso da metodologia mostrou-se bastante interessante por fazer uma análise integrada dos parâmetros, o que geralmente não acontece nos EIAs que fazem análise de forma fragmentada sem esclarecer a forma de agregação das variáveis / Abstract: The process of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) emerged in the 1960s, in US and began to be used in Brazil, from the 1970s, mainly for environmental licensing. It consists of a set of procedures used to predict, recover and / or mitigate the damage caused to the environment. Studies for the optimization of this process are often made in order to seek tools that help in decision making and speeding up the release of environmental licenses. The main methods used for prediction and assessment of impacts are: checklists, interaction matrices, interaction networks, overlay maps and simulation models. This work presents a methodology that applies the Fuzzy Set Theory to be used in the EIA process. The intention is to show a tool to assist in the environmental impact assessment and / or allows it to be carried out more widely. From the parameters: duration, temporality, reversibility and Magnitude, presented in the impact assessment matrix of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) of an automobile enterprise, was built two rules-based systems to determine the significance and relevance of impacts. The results were very significant so that the use of the methodology demonstrated much interesting to make integrated analysis of the parameters, which usually not occur in EIAs because these make analysis a fragmented way without explaining the form of aggregation of variables / Mestre

Orientador: Luzenira Alves Brasileiro / Banca: Liliane Lazzari Albertin / Banca: Humberto Carlos Ruggeri Junior / Resumo: Por trás do aumento populacional e crescimento econômico dos países em desenvolvimento, está a urbanização, que transforma de forma drástica os limites das cidades modernas, fazendo com que aumentem suas áreas de maneira rápida e, muitas vezes, pouco consciente. Como consequência desse crescimento, as cidades têm enfrentado problemas graves, como alterações na vazão de pico, aumento na quantidade de veículos, desmatamentos frequentes e, consequentemente, mais lixo doméstico. Na região Sudeste, assim como nas outras regiões do País, as incorporadoras preferem transformar grandes áreas rurais em loteamentos fechados. Essa escolha pode ser justificada pela segurança que tal tipo de negócio proporciona, que facilita as vendas, e também pelo valor agregado a esse tipo de empreendimento. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar os impactos ambientais gerados por esse tipo de incorporação, visando à sua representação numérica. E, com isso, facilitar a análise desses impactos, bem como a representação do seu potencial impactante. O material utilizado para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi o Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) e Relatório de Impacto Ambiental (RIMA) do empreendimento, além de bibliografia relacionada ao tema e do acompanhamento da implantação da obra e de programas de monitoramento ambiental sugeridos. Para a representação numérica dos impactos ambientais, foram criados pesos para seus indicadores e fatores que permitiram alcançar o objetivo do estudo. Para a obtenção dos pesos que caracterizaram cada indicador ambiental, foi feita uma análise dos danos que cada um proporcionaria ao meio ambiente, se ocorresse isoladamente, e, depois, para que houvesse interação entre eles, foi aplicado uma matriz fundamentada na Matriz de Leopold. Alguns fatores foram criados levando em conta a probabilidade de ocorrência de cada evento e a eficiência das medidas mitigadoras para cada um dos impactos... / Abstract: As the population of the cities are increasing and the economic growth of developing countries, urbanization has been changing drastically the limits of the new cities. Moreover, the areas of these cities have been growing quickly and unconsciously. Consequently, these cities are facing serious problems such as floods, more vehicles, deforestation and domestic garbage. In the southeast region, as well as in other regions in the country, construction companies prefer transforming big rural areas in closed allotments. This is due to the safety that they provide, which make sales more easily and the value of this enterprise also grows. The goal of this study is to evaluate the environmental impacts generated by this kind of enterprise, aiming their numerical representation, and, therefore make their analysis easier. The material used for developing this work was the Environmental Impact Study (EIS) and the Environmental Impact Report (EIR) of the enterprise, besides some bibliographies related to the theme and monitor of the construction and environmental monitoring programs suggested. For the numerical representation of the environmental impacts were created weights to its indicators and factors which had the objective of the study, to obtain the weights that characterized each environmental indicator, an analysis of the damage that each provide the environment was made, if it occurred alone and then there was interaction between them a matrix based on the Leopold matrix was applied. Some factors were created to represent the probability of occurrence of each event and the effectiveness of mitigation measures for each of the listed environmental impacts, so the analysis becomes more complete and realistic, resulting in a more reliable numerical representation. At the end of the study can be seen that the objective of this research was reached once did a representation of environmental impacts of easy analysis and good reliability was obtained / Mestre

Orientador: Luzenira Alves Brasileiro / Banca: Liliane Lazzari Albertin / Banca: Humberto Carlos Ruggeri Junior / Resumo: Esta dissertação consiste em um estudo sobre a emissão de gases causada por veículos automotores na cidade de Ilha Solteira - SP. Para tal, busca-se a classificação dos veículos de acordo com parâmetros de categorização e tipo de combustível. A coleta de dados foi realizada em fontes de pesquisa governamentais e não governamentais e, posteriormente a classificação dos veículos, a quantificação e qualificação das emissões. A análise dos dados foi feita através do Método Top-Down e Método Bottom-Up. A partir desta metodologia, constatou-se que a cidade de Ilha Solteira emite através dos veículos automotores uma quantidade significativa de gases poluentes. Este trabalho visa levantar informações sobre a quantidade de gases emitidos por veículos automotores, qualificando-os para análise de impactos / Abstract: This dissertation is a study about gas emissions caused by motor vehicles in the city of Ilha Solteira - SP. For this purpose, was used the classification of vehicles according to categorization of parameters and type of fuel. The data collection was performed in governmental and non-governmental sources of research and, subsequently, the vehicle classification, quantification and qualification of emissions. For the data analysis, was employed the Top-Down Method and Bottom-Up Method. From this methodology, it was verified that the city of Ilha Solteira emits through of automotive vehicles a significant amount of polluting gases. The objective of the search was gather informations about the amount of gases emitted by motor vehicles and qualifying them for impact analysis / Mestre

M.Sc.

M.A. / The proposal to build the Gautrain rapid-rail link between Pretoria, Johannesburg and Johannesburg International Airport was approved in June 2000 by the Gauteng Provincial Government. It was noted that this particular development could have serious environmental implications for the area involved. The aim of this research is therefore to identify the most suitable terrain in order to optimise the rail route alignment with minimal environmental impact. This will be accomplished by undertaking a terrain suitability analysis. The different high-speed railway types are discussed and their impact on the environment is considered, culminating in an evaluation of the background and status of the proposed Gautrain rapid-rail link. The different approaches to terrain evaluation are discussed in order to draw conclusions relative to the methodology used in this research. Subsequently the activity approach as described by Mitchell (1991) and Hugo et al (1997) was chosen as the methodology to use for this research and the terrain within the study area was classified according to its suitability for the development of the Gautrain rapid-rail link. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was utilised to aid in the terrain suitability analysis. As a result of the analysis an optimised route is proposed and compared to the rail routes already proposed for the Gautrain rapid-rail link. It is imperative that a terrain suitability analysis should form part of the preliminary phase of any environmental management cycle as portrayed in Fuggle & Rabie (1998), in order to identify suitable terrain for the development in question; the rapid-rail link route should be no exception.

The impacts of golf courses and golf estate developments are great and definite. Proof of this can be seen in several Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), that have been submitted to the Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Conservation (GDACE) in terms of the Environmental Conservation Act (ECA) (1989) and the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) (1998). The question is how to limit these impacts on the environment. Guidelines on how to manage and mitigate these impacts are of fundamental importance, to ensure the conservation of the environment. These guidelines should set principles for the management of the environment from cradle to grave, for future golf course and golf estate developments. The main objective of this study was to develop guidelines for Environmental Management Plans (EMP) specifically focused on golf course developments in the Gauteng Province. To achieve this, a comprehensive study was conducted on the factors pertaining to the environmental process by evaluating previous EIA reports and the associated EMP’s as well as the supporting documentation. The EMP’s were evaluated and several shortfalls were identified. The EIA scoping reports were then appraised and ranked accordingly. The scoping reports assess the impacts on the environment. These impacts must be mitigated in the development process. These impacts and mitigation measures must be documented in an EMP. Hence, the connection between the EIA scoping reports and the EMP’s. Several inadequacies were recognized with respect to the inclusion of all the mitigatory measures for all the impacts as identified in the EIA scoping reports. The conclusions drawn in the evaluations were used to develop the guidelines for EMP’s. The guidelines given here will assist in future compilations of EMP’s for golf courses. It is highly recommended that GDACE and environmental consultants adopt this standard in preparing and evaluating applications. / Prof. J.T. Harmse

The purpose of the current research project was to undertake a thorough quantitative and qualitative survey of the vegetation on Ngamba Island. Based on the results of this survey suggestions are made for future management of the chimpanzees on the island. It was assumed that the introduction of chimpanzees onto an island that was previously not inhabited by this species would have an (to be defined) impact on the environment in general, and the vegetation cover, in particular. The woody vegetation was sampled and analysed using the varying quadrat plot method. This method gives the following results per (a) species, (b) stem growth form and (c) height class: 1. Canopy regime at different height levels; 2. Total projected canopy cover, and 3. Density. The results of the vegetation analysis showed that at this stage the forest structure on Ngamba Island still represents a healthy secondary rain forest cover. A major impact chimpanzees have on the woody vegetation cover of Ngamba Island is that they defoliate and destroy trees of all height classes. The number of mature trees that a parent tree produces per fruiting period might often be as little as < 1. Even though chimpanzees act as seed dispensers in their natural habitat the impressive number of seeds dispersed by each individual chimpanzee is therefore put into perspective by the very low final recruitment rate. Resulting from the above it is postulated that the impact of the Ngamba Island chimpanzees as seed dispersers for selected woody vegetation species is of low importance if not negligible. It is by far outweighed by the destruction caused to the secondary rain forest cover of the Island by this newly introduced species. Using different approaches and calculations to estimate the necessary home ranges for chimpanzees in a confined habitat the areas calculated range from 5-56 hectare per chimpanzee. Even though, there is an 11.2-fold difference between these estimates they indicate nevertheless, that Ngamba Island with an area of 42.40 ha of secondary rain forest cover and 16 adult and 17 juvenile chimpanzees is already highly overstocked. In summary the impact the newly introduced species of chimpanzees on Ngamba Island will have over time on the secondary rain forest cover of their forest refuge is that of continuing destruction. Using a rate of destruction of about 0.50 ha per chimpanzee per year the secondary rain forest cover of Ngamba Island will be completely destroyed in 53 years with a stocking density of 16 adult chimpanzees. Increasing stocking density – also through maturing of the juvenile chimpanzees currently present on the Island into a adulthood – will increase the rate of destruction of the woody vegetation cover of Ngamba Island proportionally. / Dissertation (MSc(Wild Life Management))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted