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Droplets and bubbles are important for understanding natural phenomena such as falling raindrops, airborne disease transmission, and plant respiration systems, and also for engineering contexts such as semiconductor fabrication, nuclear power plants, and electronics cooling. However, still, more understanding is needed of these complex dynamics problems. This dissertation will talk about the droplet impact and bubble departure dynamics that are happening on various surfaces. In Chapters 2 and 3, we will explore how raindrops can transmit plant pathogens. When the raindrop impacts the infected wheat leaf, the micron-sized dry spore can liberate from the surface in two different ways: dry dispersal and wet dispersal. The dry spore can liberate from the surface by the inertia of the drop, after that, the air vortex generated by the drop impact can carry the dry spores above the laminar boundary layer, with the potential for long-distance transport. For the wet dispersal, spore-laden droplets can be generated after raindrop impact, but how these spore-laden droplets can make neighboring plant diseases is still a mystery. We have shown that the splashed droplets can stick to the adjacent healthy leaf depending on the inertia of the impacting droplet, anisotropic leaf orientation, and whether it is treated with fungicide or not. In Chapter 4, We design a micropillar aluminum substrate that preferentially grows frost on top of the pillars. When deposited droplets impact the frost-tipped pillars, the dynamic pressure causes the water to wick within the frost faster than it can impale the gaps between the pillars. Upon freezing, this safely suspends the resulting ice sheet in the air-trapping Cassie state, without any surface coatings required. For the last part (Chapter 5), we investigated the bubble coalescence dynamics that can depart the bubble with a micrometer size. We made the micro-structured surfaces tailored to nucleation sites to enable the coalescence-induced departure of micro-bubbles. A scaling model reveals two different modes of bubble departure following the coalescence-induced depinning: capillary-inertial jumping for micrometric bubbles and a buoyant-inertial departure for millimetric ones. Eventually, this small bubble departure can delay film boiling which can be the barrier to the boiling heat transfer. / Doctor of Philosophy / Dynamic interaction of droplets and bubbles with different surfaces is ubiquitous: an impacting rain droplet on a plant leaf is responsible for transmitting thousands of plant pathogens, or decreasing the departure size of bubbles on the surface of heat exchangers would increase their efficiency. It is now well-understood that the departure of condensed droplets on water repellent surfaces exhibits superior heat transfer compared to all other modes of condensation and also enables self-cleaning, delayed frosting, and anti-fogging surface technology.In Chapters 2 and 3, we are studying the dynamic interaction of raindrops and wheat leaves. By depositing water droplets on diseased leaves, we found out a raindrop can transmit wheat pathogens. This simple but important phenomenon would adversely affect the quality of our wheat which is the most widely grown crop in the world, contributing to a large amount of portion the global food supply. Chapter 4 sheds light on another example of the dynamic interaction of raindrops and an icy surface. We designed a pillared aluminum substrate that preferentially grows condensation frosting on top of the pillars. With this passive anti-frosting technology, we are able to trap water droplets and ice in the suspending water droplets in the air-trapping Cassie state without using a fragile nanotextured structure or a complex re-entrant structure. Upon freezing, this safely suspends the resulting ice sheet in the air-trapping Cassie state, without any surface coatings required. Under a cold and humid environment, Cassie water freezes into Cassie ice which is advantageous for its low surface adhesion. In Chapter 5, we show that rationally micro-structured surfaces tailor nucleation sites to enable the coalescence-induced departure of micro-bubbles. With this technique, we are able to remove surface bubbles at smaller sizes that would result in enhancing the critical heat flux of nucleate boiling. We have used a blend of experiments and scaling to understand the underlying physics of this phase-change problem.

No / This paper explores how we can embed impact in research to generate socially useful knowledge. Our contribution lies in proposing a form of engaged research that draws upon situated knowledge and encompasses dialogical sensemaking as a way of making experience sensible in collaborative researcher−practitioner conversations. We draw attention to the intricacies of doing socially useful research and illustrate how five conversational resources can be used within dialogical sensemaking through an example of a research project in which impact and relevance were embedded and where researchers and practitioners worked together to resolve an important social and organizational issue.

No / As the prevalence and incidence of wounds are predicted to increase due to an ageing population with increasing comorbidities, reducing the burden of wounds by optimising healing is seen as a key factor in lowering wound care costs. Inappropriate or delayed treatment adversely affects the time to wound healing, impacting quality of life, and increasing the burden on patients, their families and carers, society and the health economy. Identifying non-healing wounds is vital to cost reduction. Failure to recognise wounds not progressing towards healing increases the subsequent risk of non-healing and places the patient at unnecessary increased risk of wound complications.

I april år 2016 upprättades den första svenska versionen av en Social Impact Bond, då ett avtal ingicks mellan Norrköpings kommun och den privata investeraren Leksell Social Ventures AB. Avtalet är ett utfallskontrakt och är en ny form av investeringsinstrument med ursprung i impact investments. Målet med utfallskontraktet är att förbättra situationen för barn och ungdomar som placerats i vårdboenden i Norrköpings kommun. Uppsatsens syfte är att öka förståelsen för utfallskontraktet som instrument genom att undersöka förutsättningarna, samt vilka eventuella målkonflikter som kan föreligga mellan parterna. Analysen skall behandla parternas inbördes ställning och hur parternas intressen tillvaratas och regleras i kontraktet. Slutligen ämnar uppsatsen att utvärdera huruvida utfallskontraktet är ett effektivt instrument för att genomföra sociala investeringar. Uppsatsens tillvägagångssätt är en deskriptiv fallstudie av det sociala utfallskontraktet. Vi har genomfört semistrukturella djupintervjuer som kompletterar vårt empiriska material som huvudsak består av utfallskontraktet. Analysen är uppdelad i kontraktets förutsättningar, den sociala insatsen, kontraktet och ingående aktörer. Varje del av kontraktet analyseras utifrån en analysmodell som innehåller principal agent-teorin och transaktionskostnads-teori. Förutsättningarna som föreligger i realiteten gör att utfallskontraktet kan anses vara ett bra finansieringsverktyg, som kontrollerar parternas beteende och samtidigt tillåter flexibilitet. De målkonflikter som eventuellt kan uppstå kan minskas genom att utfallskontraktet har en anpassad styrningsstruktur och tydligt preciserade mål för utfallet. Ersättningsmodellen för utfallskontraktet är baserat på ekonomiska incitament, som står i proportion till insatsens måluppfyllelse. Kontraktets villkor beskriver och reglerar hur insatsens utförare skall rekryteras och indirekt hur dessa aktörer skall styras av reglering, information och ekonomiska incitament. För att utfallskontraktet skall vara effektivt krävs tydliga mål med mätbara kriterier för insatsen. Med kontraktet i Norrköping som utgångspunkt kan man generellt säga att fördelarna med ett utfallskontrakt ökar i takt med insatsens specialiseringsgrad. Men för enklare åtgärder eller insatser så är utfallskontraktet en kostsam lösning.

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

This report examines the effect of feedback in the workplace in an adult learning environment. Specifically, it examines the effect of negative feedback on motivation and performance at the workplace. It studies how feedback seeking behavior impacts the quality and type of feedback received by a learner in the workplace. It examines the effects of receiving negative interpersonal feedback on the self-esteem, affect, and goal pursuit of a learner. The study also looks at the implications of successfully managing feedback in the workplace. / text

Ce travail est consacré à l’évaluation des performances de ciblage et à l’analyse d’impact de trois projets. La première étude porte sur l’accès à l’eau courante en République du Congo ; et l’auto-ciblage pratiqué à travers une tarification spécifique ne bénéficie qu’aux ménages connectés qui sont plutôt non pauvres. L’auto-ciblage fonctionne mieux pour le projet des travaux publics au Libéria ; la proportion de pauvres qui participent à ces travaux est élevée. En fait ce projet n’a aucune barrière à l’entrée, ce qui explique en partie ce bon résultat. Le ciblage du programme de modernisation agricole en RDC n’est pas très efficace non plus, les bénéficiaires n’étant souvent pas pauvres. L’impact en termes de réduction de la pauvreté est important dans les deux projets concernés par ce type d’analyse (modernisation agricole en RDC et travaux publics au Libéria), tout au moins pour les populations bénéficiaires. Le cas du projet de modernisation agricole en RDC montre néanmoins qu’il est important de prendre en compte d’autres facteurs pour obtenir un impact important, comme lever les contraintes liées au marché du crédit et à l’accès aux infrastructures / This work analyses the targeting performance and the impact evaluation of three projects. The first paper is about the water subsidies in the Republic of Congo. The study shows that the self-targeting scheme, using an Inverse Block Tariff structure has poor performance, indeed only those households who are connected can benefit from it, and they are usually non-poor. The self-targeting mechanism used in the Public Work program in Liberia works better since the proportion of poor involved in the program is high. This project has no entry barrier which partly explains the good result. The targeting performance of the Modernization of Agriculture project in the DRC is also poor, most of the beneficiaries being non-poor. The impact in terms of poverty reduction is important in both projects involved in this type of analysis (Modernization of Agriculture in the DRC and Public Work in Liberia), at least for the beneficiaries. The case of the DRC project, however, shows that it is important to lift some other constraints like access to credit and infrastructures in order to improve the impact of the program.

Dans le contexte actuel de crise écologique, les actions sur la nature sont le plus souvent pensées comme s’appuyant sur des savoirs scientifiques objectifs et neutres qu’il suffirait de mobiliser. Dans cette thèse, je propose d’explorer l’articulation entre savoirs et actions, en examinant les intrications entre savoirs écologiques, valeurs collectives et conceptions de la nature. J’étudie en particulier les discours relatifs à trois types d’action (conservation en réserve naturelle, évaluation d’impact environnemental et restauration écologique) en m’appuyant sur un terrain d’étude où elles s’incarnent, la plaine de Crau (Bouches-du-Rhône, France). Tout d’abord, j’examine en quoi les différents types de savoirs écologiques mobilisés lors des actions sur la nature sont liés, en plus des contraintes internes aux formes d’action environnementale et de l’applicabilité des connaissances sur le terrain, aux savoirs de référence et engagements des acteurs, ainsi qu’aux trajectoires historiques de ces savoirs et de ces actions. Ensuite, j’explicite la manière dont les valeurs de scientificité véhiculées par la mobilisation de ces savoirs dans le but d’augmenter la crédibilité de l’action entrent en tension avec d’autres valeurs présentes dans les actions environnementales, notamment l’exigence de légitimité. Enfin, j’explore la façon dont ces savoirs se fondent sur certains partis-pris ontologiques concernant nos relations avec les milieux naturels, et qui conditionnent nos manières d’agir. À partir de ces éclairages, je suggère quelques pistes pour savoir agir avec la nature face aux enjeux écologiques actuels. / In the current regime of ecological crisis, one generally expects actions and decisions about environmental issues to be enlighten by scientific knowledge. The aim of this thesis is to challenge this view by investigating how ecological knowledge and actions on nature are linked. I propose to study the interweaving between ecological knowledge, collective values and conceptions of nature in documents related to three types of actions (conservation in a nature reserve, environmental impact assessment, and ecological restoration). I lean on a field study where these actions are embodied, the plain of Crau (Bouches-du-Rhône, France). First, I examine how different types of ecological knowledge are translated in (and are influenced in return by) specific actions. I show that, in addition to the practical constraints of any action, this mutual relation is shaped by scientific cultural dynamics, as well as historical trajectories of these knowledges and actions. Then, I explain how the need to guarantee both credibility and legitimacy create an inherent tension in environmental actions. Finally, I explore how knowledge is based on preconceptions about our relationships with nature, and lead to specific ways of acting. From these insights, I suggest some trails to know and act differently with nature in the context of current ecological issues.