<p><em>Aim</em><p>The aim of this study has been to determine the economic impact on the local economy of a large scale international sporting event, namely the FIS Alpine Ski World Cup in Levi, Finland. In addition, it seeks to investigate the regional origins of visitors to the event and the relationship between residence and expenditure.</p><em><p>Method</p></em><p>The methodology consisted of two key stages: the estimation of visitor expenditure and the calculation of the economic impact of this. Information about visitor expenditure and background was collected by survey on site during the event. This has been additionally completed with interviews with key persons associated with the event concerning organizational and infrastructure spending.</p><em><p>Results</p></em><p>The results of the survey indicate that the event gives a direct boost of an estimate of six and a half million Euros to the local economy. When taking into consideration the tourism multipliers for the area the total economic impact of the event ranges between 7,5 and 9,5 million Euros. Additionally the results also point out a clear relationship between the residence and expenditure of the event visitors.</p><em><p>Conclusions</p></em><p>The results of the economic impact can be used by the Organization Committee as a tool to show and justify future investments with public funding. Additionally the background and origins of the attendees gives a great deal of information for the people behind the marketing and sponsorship strategies. Further studies regarding the calculation of specific factors within economic impact studies would though be greatly needed.</p></p><p> </p>

AimThe aim of this study has been to determine the economic impact on the local economy of a large scale international sporting event, namely the FIS Alpine Ski World Cup in Levi, Finland. In addition, it seeks to investigate the regional origins of visitors to the event and the relationship between residence and expenditure. Method The methodology consisted of two key stages: the estimation of visitor expenditure and the calculation of the economic impact of this. Information about visitor expenditure and background was collected by survey on site during the event. This has been additionally completed with interviews with key persons associated with the event concerning organizational and infrastructure spending. Results The results of the survey indicate that the event gives a direct boost of an estimate of six and a half million Euros to the local economy. When taking into consideration the tourism multipliers for the area the total economic impact of the event ranges between 7,5 and 9,5 million Euros. Additionally the results also point out a clear relationship between the residence and expenditure of the event visitors. Conclusions The results of the economic impact can be used by the Organization Committee as a tool to show and justify future investments with public funding. Additionally the background and origins of the attendees gives a great deal of information for the people behind the marketing and sponsorship strategies. Further studies regarding the calculation of specific factors within economic impact studies would though be greatly needed.

Impact (2013) is an eight-minute work for full orchestra that explores an aural gesture best described as a heavy thud. This gesture, which opens the work in its clearest form, is a steep drop from the upper register of the orchestra, such as the flutes and triangle, to its depths in instruments such as the basses, contrabassoon, and tuba. Each time the gesture plummets to the bottom, the impact of this arrival generates various “resonances” – shards of harmonic or melodic material that proceed to develop on their own, contributing to subsequent thuds and eventually blooming into more lyrical sections of music. Along the way, the thudding gesture is dissected, reversed, and fragmented before finally regaining its original form and prominence near the end. One giant, swirling thud brings the work to a rumbling close. The work was greatly influenced by my exposure to electronic music techniques, many of which focus on non-traditional aspects such as register, timbre, and abstract shapes and gestures rather than rhythm, melody, and harmony. Also central to the work’s creation was my desire to treat the orchestra as a single, metamorphosing instrument rather than a layering of its distinct parts.

The purpose of my thesis is to study what factors affect the adoption of impact fees in Texas and what effects impact fees have on city budgets. This research was done using two models. The first model looked at the adoption of impact fees as the dependent variable and the second model looked at the total impact fee assed on new residential units as the dependent variable. Both models used the gross tax rate, debt per capita, change in city population as a percentage, city population, average price of a new home in 2007, number of building permits issued in 2007, and the average household income as independent variables. The most significant independent variable found for the assessment of impact fees is change in population as a percentage. The total impact fee charged per city was driven by several factors. These included change in population as a percentage, population, and gross tax rate.

Particle impact damping is measured for a cantilevered beam vibrating freely in the horizontal plane. Several particle configurations are investigated beginning with a single particle and progressing to multiple layers of particles. The effects of clearance between the particles and enclosure, initial displacement of the primary system, repeatability of damping, and damping efficiency per unit mass added are evaluated for each particle configuration. The investigation shows that the particle configuration significantly affects damping. Configurations with the fewest particles per cavity demonstrate higher damping efficiency per unit mass. Generally, for configurations with a definable clearance between the particles and enclosure, damping is shown to be a function of the clearance and initial system displacement. For configurations with multiple layers of particles, for which horizontal clearance between the particles and enclosure has no meaning, a new dimensionless parameter which captures the geometry of the particle arrangement is proposed.

Abstract Thanks to the superior material, the volume and sweet spot of a golf club have been bigger and bigger. If the impact surface of a golf club has also been taken care well, the driving effects of a club, it may benefit golf player¡¦s performance in a golf court. By means of a LS-DYNA solver, the researcher analyzed the impact problem of a golf club head. He also calculated velocity¡Bangular velocity and trajectory of golf ball in impact analysis with the C++ program. In this thesis, the researcher analyzed different offcenter impact of a golf club head with various horizontal¡Bvertical curvature. Then he discussed the influence of velocity¡Bangular velocity and trajectory on a golf ball. After that, he generalized the best curvature of club head and discussed (a) the relationship between the best curvature and the club head speed, (b) that between horizontal entering angle¡Bsloping angle and trajectory, and (c) that between vertical entering angle and launching distance.

Currently, golf club design has been widespread. No matter the appearance changed, designed for center of gravity, material application, etc, they are all pursuing better efficiency of hitting. However, there will be no optimal design with emphasize on one of them. Thanks to the parameter design of golf head with simulating and analyzing golf ball trajectory, and modifying M.O.I., center of gravity, etc, the optimal performance of club head can be achieved. In this thesis, golf club models were set up by SolidWorks. The weight of club head model was decided by different class of users, and each class of club head had four types of hitting face structures individually. Then, their impact effect was simulated by LS-Dyna solver system. In this thesis, the hitting effect for different types hitting face was analyzing by including professional Male, Female, amateur Male, and Female four different tyes of users. Then the influences on ball linear velocity, the angular velocity and the trajectory were verified. The Men¡¦s PGA Tour suitable club is reticulate face. The Ladies¡¦ LPGA Tour suitable club face is uniform slab. The Typical Men suitable club face is concentric circle. The Typical Lady suitable club faces are concentric circle and reticulate face.

Thèse de doctorat : Mécanique : Metz : 1999. / Thèse soutenue sur ensemble de travaux. Bibliogr. p.157-[166]. Annexes.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Mécanique des fluides : Toulouse, INPT : 2004. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. 184 réf.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2007. Graduate Programme in Physics and Astronomy. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-79). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR38785