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The impact of employment on the health of South African children aged 6 to 60 months : a quantitative analysis of the 2008 National Income Dynamics Study.Holst, Eirik Schmidt. January 2012 (has links)
This study’s main aim is to investigate the impact of adult household members’ employment on the health of children aged 6 to 60 months, with a particular focus on whether the gender of the employed adults matter. The study uses South African data from the nationally representative National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS), and children’s health will be measured using the two anthropometric indicators height-for-age and weight-for-age to indicate stunting and underweight respectively. The sample consists of about 1700 children, and both descriptive and econometric analysis are utilised to show correlations between child health outcomes and employment. The econometric analysis was performed using a logit model, and results show an association between employment in the household and child stunting, while no association is found between employment and child underweight. The main finding of the study is that living in households where one or more women (and no men) have employment reduces the likelihood of children being stunted. No health gain is found for living in households with only employed men, or living in households where both men and women have employment, relative to living in households where no one has employment. These results are robust to controlling for household expenditure per capita and a variety of other household characteristics. Employment thus seems to have a positive impact on children’s health, but the effect is only present in households where only females have employment. / Thesis (M.Dev.Studies)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.
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Exploring the role of education, income and standard of living in determining food security amongst Mhlontlo Local Municipality citizens in the Eastern CapeHalam, Khanyiswa January 2017 (has links)
The aim of this study was to explore the relationship that exists between education, income, standard of living and food security amongst Mhlontlo local municipality citizens. For this purpose, data was collected from citizens of the Mhlontlo municipality in the Eastern Cape. A sample of 101municipality citizens was drawn from the population. Results of the study indicated that the study variables are significantly negatively correlated with one another. The findings of this study are helpful in providing support to policy makers and social security agencies to have a better understanding of food security and indicate one important avenue to reduce food insecurity in Mhlontlo municipality and the Eastern Cape at large.
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Impact of vegetable sales on household income of hawkers in the Limpopo province of South AfricaMthombeni, Danisile Leonah 06 1900 (has links)
This study focused on the impact of vegetable sales on household income of hawkers in the Limpopo province. A stratified sampling technique was used. The population of hawkers was selected from the five district municipalities of the province. Three major towns from each district were randomly selected for 366 questionnaire administration. Multiple regression analysis (linear, semi-log and double-log) was used to determine the impact of vegetable sales on the household income of hawkers. The outcome of the study revealed that, nine independent variables had a significant impact on the vegetable sales of hawkers when the linear regression model was applied. On application of the semi-log regression, 11 independent variables had a significant impact on the vegetable sales. Ten independent variables had a significant impact on vegetable sales when considering the double-log regression. The cross tabulation of total sales according to districts showed that an average of 1.6 respondents earned less than R200 which is close to, but lower than R174 which is the poverty line measure in South Africa. The study showed the degree of significance of different variables that have an impact on hawkers’ vegetable sales. Vegetable hawkers generate enough income from their sales to live above the poverty line. The recommendation was that the local municipalities should build new markets and improve the infrastructure of existing markets, and also provide proper sanitation and clean water to avoid unhygienic situations in hawkers’ markets. / Agriculture and Animal Health / M. Sc. (Agriculture)
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Impact of vegetable sales on household income of hawkers in the Limpopo province of South AfricaMthombeni, Danisile Leonah 06 1900 (has links)
This study focused on the impact of vegetable sales on household income of hawkers in the Limpopo province. A stratified sampling technique was used. The population of hawkers was selected from the five district municipalities of the province. Three major towns from each district were randomly selected for 366 questionnaire administration. Multiple regression analysis (linear, semi-log and double-log) was used to determine the impact of vegetable sales on the household income of hawkers. The outcome of the study revealed that, nine independent variables had a significant impact on the vegetable sales of hawkers when the linear regression model was applied. On application of the semi-log regression, 11 independent variables had a significant impact on the vegetable sales. Ten independent variables had a significant impact on vegetable sales when considering the double-log regression. The cross tabulation of total sales according to districts showed that an average of 1.6 respondents earned less than R200 which is close to, but lower than R174 which is the poverty line measure in South Africa. The study showed the degree of significance of different variables that have an impact on hawkers’ vegetable sales. Vegetable hawkers generate enough income from their sales to live above the poverty line. The recommendation was that the local municipalities should build new markets and improve the infrastructure of existing markets, and also provide proper sanitation and clean water to avoid unhygienic situations in hawkers’ markets. / Agriculture and Animal Health / M. Sc. (Agriculture)
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The impact of transport costs on household income: the case of Nkonkobe Municipality Alice in the Easten Cape ProvinceDlwangushe, Sizwe January 2012 (has links)
The study investigated the impact of transport costs on household income the case of Nkonkobe Local Municipality. The objective of the study was to establish the impact of transport costs on household income. To achieve the objective, the study hypothesized that transport costs have a negative impact of household income. The research design of the study that was used include research instrument, research technique, sample size, population and data analysis procedure. However the research instrument that was followed was the questionnaire which contains a set of questions whilst the research technique used to collect primary data was the self-administered questionnaire. The results of the study revealed that households in Nkonkobe Local Municipality were spending more of their income on transport. Finally, the study recommended that subsidies for poor households must be provided by the government.
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Strategies in managing financial risk vulnerability among South African householdsNzhinga, Rendani Kenneth 04 1900 (has links)
Various studies have found that South Africa’s high unemployment rate contributes to poverty, inequality, crime and ill-health. Furthermore, South African low to middle-income households are characterised by a high debt to income ratio which contributes to low or negative savings rates. This has left many households vulnerable to financials risk and shocks. This research examined how households with low-income or no income manage to cope on a daily basis. The research adopted an auto ethnography method. During the initial phase of the fieldwork the researcher observed participants over a period of more than a year in the provinces of Limpopo and Gauteng, this was followed by in-depth interviews with households selected using purposive and snowballing sampling. The results revealed that the most common coping strategies used by participants’ to deal with financial risks and shocks are borrowing from peers (family, friends and neighbours) and high-risk lenders i.e. mashonisas and accessing social support networks. Other strategies employed included pawning and selling of assets as well as employers’ loans. It was interesting to note that unlike studies in other countries, skipping meals were not a common coping strategy, and this could mainly be ascribed to the social support networks (Ubuntu) that were found in the communities studied. Future research is recommended on the impact of family financial obligations on households’ financial well-being. / Taxation / M. Phil. (Accounting Sciences)
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Livelihood and coping strategy changes along rural-urban continua with an emphasis on natural resources / Livelihood and coping strategies changes along rural-urban continua with an emphasis on natural resourcesEvans, Michelle Leigh January 2013 (has links)
Rapid urbanisation is one of the greatest challenges facing both developed and developing countries. Sub-Saharan Africa has historically been one of the least developed and least urbanised areas of the world. However, urbanisation is now occurring much more rapidly in countries that have lower levels of per capita income. Therefore, in the coming decades, urban population growth is expected to be more widespread in the developing countries of the world. Most research on the role of natural resources focuses on rural communities and little is known about the contribution these resources make along the rural-urban continuum in small and medium sized towns as well as the contribution to total livelihoods. This is because researchers and policy makers have often treated rural and urban areas and their residents as distinct entities that should be studied in isolation. This, however, is not a true reflection of household livelihoods which often include both rural and urban elements. This study therefore analysed the impact of urbanisation on livelihoods along a rural-urban continuum with an emphasis on natural resources in South Africa. The main characteristics as well as the livelihood portfolios of respondent households were investigated. Secondly, the coping strategies used by households along the rural-urban continuum were explored, and disaggregated according to the gender of the household head. Data were collected along the rural-urban continuum of two small towns, namely Queenstown, located in the Eastern Cape province and Phalaborwa, located in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. Sampling covered the town, peri-urban areas, townships and adjacent rural households. A standardised survey instrument was used to capture household details and livelihood activities and a total of 272 interviews were conducted. The rural areas near both towns were poorer than the township and urban areas with regards to assets, access to employment and annual household income across all cash and non-cash income streams. The engagement in land-based activities increased towards the rural areas. The use of natural resources, as well as the number of resources collected, increased along the continuum towards the rural areas, with 12.0% to 49.0% of urban households, 30.0% to 88.0% of township households and between 80.0% and 100.0% of rural households engaging in the use and collection of natural resources. While natural resource use and collection was lowest in the urban areas, a significant amount of resources were still collected by urban households. Income portfolios for all households were calculated to determine the direct-use value of wild natural capital to livelihoods as well as the contribution made from land (arable and livestock farming), welfare grants and employment. Employment, barring one exception in the rural areas of Phalaborwa, was the largest contributor in terms of mean annual income along the continuum in both towns, followed by grants and pensions in the township and rural areas. In Phalaborwa, however, wild natural capital was found to be the largest contributor to local livelihoods, contributing 48.0% of the mean annual income. Household portfolios become more diversified in the poorer, rural areas as well as in households headed by females. The main shocks reported along the continuum in both Queenstown and Phalaborwa were death in the family, followed by a loss of employment, which was concentrated in male-headed households. Coping strategies resulting in the attainment of cash income fast, such as borrowing money from friends/relatives and cashing in retirements savings were favoured over longer term strategies such as finding local wage employment. Female-headed households were found to rely significantly on social groups or clubs as a coping strategy, highlighting the importance of social capital and social relations in female-headed households
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The use of secondary data in the study of living arrangements of households : a case of the October household survey-'96 (OHS) : Western Cape ProvinceMosia, Matladi Daniel 12 1900 (has links)
Incorrect Afrikaans summary included in thesis. / Thesis (MPhil--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study was aimed at using secondary data to conduct an investigation into the relationship
between macro-economic factors on one hand and aspects of household life on the other hand.
On the basis of the results thereof, an assessment was to be made of how such a relationship
reflected on the living arrangements of households in contemporary South African society.
The basis of the analysis was secondary data from the October Household Survey (OHS-96)
data set, which is rich in specific information encompassing various aspects of human life,
like demographic details and household variables as well as health, education and
employment variables.
As expected, the results showed that the current state of living arrangements of households is
characterised by positive relationships between income levels on the one hand and households
variables like type of dwelling and dwelling ownership on the other hand. However, the same
findings further revealed a surprising outcome that unlike expected, there is no clear
relationship between income and another significant household variable i.e. household size
(members). However, our findings lead us to a conclusion that on the whole, there is a
hypothesised relationship between macro-economic conditions of a country on one hand, and
patterns in living arrangements of households on the other hand.
The results further revealed that as expected, the factors of magisterial district and
race/population groups have an effect on this relationship that reflect our legacy of social and
economic development policies of the apartheid era which gave rise to urban (metropolitan)
and racial bias in the socio-economic development of households. The results thereof are that
African households in particular, and urban poor black households in general, have become
the least prosperous in terms of material or economic living conditions. The implications of
these findings for theory and policy are highlighted.
At the level of methodology, the valuable experience of this study served to further highlight
the worth of secondary data analysis, not only in general economic terms, but also as
invaluable educational or teaching tool for students which recommends its increased use by
all practitioners or institutions of social research methods. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Internet en sy Kuberruimtes is ontwikkel in die 1960s as 'n manier om inligting
oor te dra sonder die risiko van intersepsie en vernietiging. Vandag, 40 jaar later het
die Internet gegroei in beide grootte en toepassing. Die mees algemene gebruike is
nogsteeds kommunikasie en die oordrag van informasie. Hierdie tesis is 'n
etnografiese studie van my ervaringe in 'n Kuberruimte van die Internet- 'n virtuele
gemeenskap byname Amazon City.com. Virtuele gemeenskappe is areas op die
Internet waar mense bymekaar kom om hul daaglikse lewens, kwessies en enige iets
toepaslik vir die spesifieke gemeenskap, te bespreek. Die tipe gemeenskap word
gesien as 'n reaksie van die verval van "derde plekke" in af-lyn lewe en globalisering
Die gemeenskap wat vorm in hierdie areas ontwikkel kulturele veronderstelling.
Hierdie veronderstellings word openbaar aan 'n nuwe lid deur tyd en interaksie in die
konferensie area. Die veronderstellings wat ek ervaar het strek van kennis benodig om
'n aanvaarde en suksesvolle lid van die gemeenskap te word, tot taal gebruik en
identiteit van die lede. Die konklusie is bereik dat lede hul interaksie en lidmaatskap
in hierdie gemenskappe as net so bevredigend en "eg" ervaar as hul aktiwiteite in hul
af-lyn lewe.
Verdere aspekte wat 'n webblad 'n suksesvolle en ekonomiese vatbare besigheids
strategie maak vir sy eienaar, was my volgende fokus. Internet besigheid groei teen 'n
geweldige spoed, en impliseer nie slegs die verkoop van produkte aanlyn nie.
Rekenaar-ondersteunde kommunikasie toestelle is geimplimenteer op kommersiële
webbladsye nadat dit gevind is in die vroeë 1990s dat mense soek vir 'n plek wat
meer is as net nog 'n winkel. Ander maniere wat hierde dot com webbladsye gebruik
om inkomste te genereer en of die lede gesien word as burgers of as verbruikers word
ook bestudeer. Daar is gevind dat die lede hulself sien as burgers maar webbladsy
lojaliteit sal die lede aanspoor om as verbruikers op te tree indien nodig. Die
kommersiële aspekte van die tipe webbladsy is 'n noodsaaklik deel vir die
voortbestaan van die dot com webbladsy, en die gemeenskap wat daar ontwikkel.
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Understanding the livelihoods of child-grant mothers in Sinathingi in KwaZulu-Natal, South AfricaMotsetse, Matsepo Nomathemba January 2014 (has links)
The main focus of this thesis is the child support grant, as part of a broader social security system, in post-apartheid South Africa. Since the end of apartheid of 1994, the new South African government has sought to redress the racial imbalances and inequalities of the past by engaging in measures of redistribution. Central to this pursuit of redistribution has been a restructured system of social grants, of which the child support grant is the most significant. However, the post-apartheid government has adopted a largely neo-liberal macro-economic strategy such that social inequality and endemic poverty remain pervasive particularly amongst the African population, which includes the recipients of the child support grants. In adopting a sustainable livelihoods framework as the main theoretical perspective, the thesis seeks to understand the livelihoods of child support grant mothers in the face of conditions of extreme poverty. It does this through a localised study of twenty child grant mothers in Sinathingi Township in KwaZulu-Natal Province. In examining the livelihoods of these child-grant mothers, the thesis brings to the fore that mothers and their children do not exist as autonomous living units but are embedded in a broader set of social relations, including intra-household relations and relations with the fathers of the grant-children. It also demonstrates that child-grant mothers are not simply victims of structures of poverty in contemporary South Africa, but actively construct their livelihoods through a range of activities and strategies which show perseverance and ingenuity.
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Shopping centre development strategies for emerging markets in KwaZulu-NatalWarrington, Neville Harold 01 January 2002 (has links)
Summaries in English and Afrikaans / The first fully enclosed, airconditioned shopping mall in a black township in South Africa opened in 1979 in
Umlazi, outside Durban. The provincial development corporation (lthala) spearheaded emerging market shopping
centre development in KwaZulu-Natal to the extent that, with the involvement of the private sector, substantial
knowledge and experience have been gained in shopping centre development in emerging markets over the past
two decades.
The study focuses on black shopping patterns and household income and expenditure in townships and rural areas
in KwaZulu-Natal. The assessments include:
• empirical trade areas;
• geodemographics and geographic infonnation systems (GIS);
• buying power modelling;
• market share estimates;
• retail hierarchies;
• viability and feasibility studies;
• centre design (including taxi rank developments);
• informal trading; and
• tenant mix; location; financing and research strategies.
The study fonnulates a universal buying power model for KwaZulu-Natal that transcends ethnic and geographic
classifications, to enhance, with the aid of computer technology and census information, the accuracy and cost
effectiveness of viability and feasibility studies in shopping centre development. An IntegJ.-ated Commercial
Assessment Model (JCAM) is formulated whereby demographic data of a trade area and financial feasibility
parameters are integrated to assess the viability of a shopping centre.
The study concludes that although there are many unique features associated with shopping centres in emerging
market locations, the :fundamental principles that apply all over the world in shopping centre development, also
apply to emerg1ng markets in KwaZulu-Natal. Relatively low disposable incomes limit the sustainable size of the
emerging market shopping centre. Shopping centre locations are linked to the interdependence on public
transportation by emerging market patrons. Factors conducive fo-r shopping centre development, such as high
private vehicle ownership, high disposable income, willing retailers, effective town planning and state assistance,
have not yet reached levels that would benefit the widespread development of shopping centres in townships.
Emerging market shopping centre developments in the central business districts of rural towns, however, have been
generally very successful and are setting the benchmarks in South Africa. / Die opening van die eerste ingeslote winkelsentrum met sentrale lugreeling in 'n swart woonbuurt in Suid-Afrika,
het in 1979 in Umlazi (buite Durban) plaasgevind. Die provinsiale ontwikkelingskorporasie (Ithala) het aan die spits
van winkelsentrum ontwikkeling in opkomende markte in KwaZulu-Natal gestaan. Die toetrede van die
privaatsektor tot die mark het verder ook substansieel bygedra tot kennnis en ondervinding in
winkelsentrumontwikkeling oor twee dekades in opkomende markte.
Hierdie studie fokus op swart kooppatrone en huisgesin inkomste and uitgawes in swart woonbuurtes en landelike
gebiede in KwaZulu-Natal. Die ondersoeke sluit die volgende in:
• empiriese handelsgebiede;
• geodemografie en geografiese inligtingstelsels (GIS);
• koopkrag modellering;
• markaandeel skatting;
• kleinhandel hierargie;
• lewensvatbaarheid en uitvoerbaarheid studies;
• sentrum ontwerp (ingesluit taxi staanplek ontwikkelings);
• informele handel; en
huurdersamestelling, ligging. finansiering en navorsingsstrategie.
Die studie formuleer 'n universele koopkrag model vir KwaZulu-Natal wat etniese en geografiese klassifikasies
oorskry en met die hulp van 'n rekenaar en sensus inligling, die akkuraatheid en koste effektiwiteit van
lewensvatbaarheid en uitvoerbaarheid studies in winkelsentrum ontwikkeling, moontlik maak. 'n Geintegreerde
kommersiele evalueringsmodel (GKEM) is geformuleer waarmee demografiese data van 'n handelsgebied en
finansiele data geintegreer word om die lewensvatbaarbeid van 'n winkelsentmm te evalueer.
Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat, ongeag die baie unieke eienskappe van winkelsentrums in opkomende
markte, die fundamentele reels wat reg oor die wereld met winkelsentrumontwikkeling toegepas word, ook vir die
opkomende markte van KwaZulu-Natal geld. Relatief lae besteebare inkomstes beperk die drakrag grootte van
winkelsentmms in opkomende markte. Winkelsentrumliggings word verbind met die interafhanklikheid van
publieke vervoer van die marksegment. Faktore gunstig vir winkelsentrumontwikkeling soos hoe privaatmotorbesit,
hoe besteebare inkomste, gewi1lige kleinhandelaars, effektiewe stadsbeplanning en staatsondersteuning het nog
nie vlakke bereik wat die grootskaalse ontwikkeling van winkelsentrums in swart woonbuurtes bevoordeel nie.
Winkelsentrumontwikkeling in die sentrale sakegebiede van landelike dorpe is wel, in die algemeen, suksesvol en
stel tans die standaard vir winkelsentrumontwikkeling vir opkomende markte in Suid Africa. / Geography / D. Litt. et Phil. (Geography)
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