A aspersão térmica por chama hipersônica tem se destacado pelo método rápido e eficiente para aplicação de revestimentos com grandes vantagens como: tempo, custo e qualidade. Os revestimentos de Inconel 625 apresentam uma série de aplicações industriais principalmente nos segmentos industriais: químico e petroquímico. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar as tensões residuais em revestimentos de Inconel 625 obtidos por aspersão térmica de chama hipersônica (HVOF) através do método de difração de raios-X. Os revestimentos de Inconel 625 sobre substrato de aço ABNT 4140 foram produzidos por aspersão térmica utilizando-se dois equipamentos com os seguintes combustíveis para produção da chama: um combustível gasoso, o propano e um combustível líquido, o querosene. Realizou-se a análise de topo, em pontos aleatórios, das amostras para quantificar as tensões residuais e, após, esta medida inicial obteve-se a construção de um perfil de tensões residuais através do método de remoção de camada, em média de 10 - 20 μm do revestimento de Inconel 625. Este trabalho também tem interesse em avaliar além das tensões residuais, se as características dos revestimentos de Inconel 625 também variam em função do combustível utilizado na aspersão térmica. A morfologia dos revestimentos obtidos foi analisada por microscopia óptica. A rugosidade dos revestimentos foi avaliada por trilha medida no rugosímetro. Foi avaliada a dureza através do perfil longitudinal pelo ensaio de micro dureza Vickers. A tendência da superfície a apresentar hidrofilia ou hidrofobicidade foi avaliada pela molhabilidade através do método da gota séssil. A resistência a corrosão dos revestimentos foram avaliados pelos ensaios de névoa salina, monitoramento do potencial de circuito aberto e pelas curvas de polarização potenciodinâmica em água do mar sintética. Neste trabalho após os ensaios realizados para ambos os revestimentos obtidos por HVOF, utilizando-se duas fontes de combustível distintas, notam-se diferenças quanto ao perfil de tensões residuais, microestrutura, desempenho frente à corrosão, sendo que o processo com combustível líquido apresentou melhor desempenho. / The thermal spray flame hypersonic has been highlighted by the rapid and efficient method for applying coatings with big advantages: time, cost and quality. Inconel 625 coatings have a number of industrial applications especially in industries: chemical and petrochemical. In this context, the current study aims to evaluate the residual stresses in Inconel 625 coatings obtained by thermal spray hypersonic flame (HVOF) through the X – ray diffraction method. The Inconel 625 coating on SAE 4140 steel substrate was produced by thermal spraying using two equipments with the following fuel flame production: a gaseous fuel, propane or a liquid fuel, kerosene. Was performed top consideration in random points, the samples to quantify residual stresses, and after this initial measurement was obtained building a profile of residual stresses by layer removal method, on average 10 - 20 μm of Inconel 625 coating. This work also has an interest in evaluating besides the residual stresses, the characteristics of Inconel 625 coatings also vary depending on the fuel used in thermal spraying. The morphology of the coatings obtained was analyzed by optical microscopy. The roughness of the coatings was evaluated by measuring the track roughness. The hardness was evaluated by the longitudinal profile by micro Vickers hardness test. The tendency of the surface to provide hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity was evaluated by the wettability by sessile drop method. The corrosion resistance of the coatings was evaluated by salt spray tests, monitoring the open circuit potential and the potentiodynamic polarization curves in synthetic sea water. In this work after the tests carried out for both coatings obtained by HVOF, using two sources of different fuel, are noticeable differences in the profile of residual stresses, microstructure performance against corrosion, being the process liquid fuel showed better performance.

A aspersão térmica por chama hipersônica tem se destacado pelo método rápido e eficiente para aplicação de revestimentos com grandes vantagens como: tempo, custo e qualidade. Os revestimentos de Inconel 625 apresentam uma série de aplicações industriais principalmente nos segmentos industriais: químico e petroquímico. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar as tensões residuais em revestimentos de Inconel 625 obtidos por aspersão térmica de chama hipersônica (HVOF) através do método de difração de raios-X. Os revestimentos de Inconel 625 sobre substrato de aço ABNT 4140 foram produzidos por aspersão térmica utilizando-se dois equipamentos com os seguintes combustíveis para produção da chama: um combustível gasoso, o propano e um combustível líquido, o querosene. Realizou-se a análise de topo, em pontos aleatórios, das amostras para quantificar as tensões residuais e, após, esta medida inicial obteve-se a construção de um perfil de tensões residuais através do método de remoção de camada, em média de 10 - 20 μm do revestimento de Inconel 625. Este trabalho também tem interesse em avaliar além das tensões residuais, se as características dos revestimentos de Inconel 625 também variam em função do combustível utilizado na aspersão térmica. A morfologia dos revestimentos obtidos foi analisada por microscopia óptica. A rugosidade dos revestimentos foi avaliada por trilha medida no rugosímetro. Foi avaliada a dureza através do perfil longitudinal pelo ensaio de micro dureza Vickers. A tendência da superfície a apresentar hidrofilia ou hidrofobicidade foi avaliada pela molhabilidade através do método da gota séssil. A resistência a corrosão dos revestimentos foram avaliados pelos ensaios de névoa salina, monitoramento do potencial de circuito aberto e pelas curvas de polarização potenciodinâmica em água do mar sintética. Neste trabalho após os ensaios realizados para ambos os revestimentos obtidos por HVOF, utilizando-se duas fontes de combustível distintas, notam-se diferenças quanto ao perfil de tensões residuais, microestrutura, desempenho frente à corrosão, sendo que o processo com combustível líquido apresentou melhor desempenho. / The thermal spray flame hypersonic has been highlighted by the rapid and efficient method for applying coatings with big advantages: time, cost and quality. Inconel 625 coatings have a number of industrial applications especially in industries: chemical and petrochemical. In this context, the current study aims to evaluate the residual stresses in Inconel 625 coatings obtained by thermal spray hypersonic flame (HVOF) through the X – ray diffraction method. The Inconel 625 coating on SAE 4140 steel substrate was produced by thermal spraying using two equipments with the following fuel flame production: a gaseous fuel, propane or a liquid fuel, kerosene. Was performed top consideration in random points, the samples to quantify residual stresses, and after this initial measurement was obtained building a profile of residual stresses by layer removal method, on average 10 - 20 μm of Inconel 625 coating. This work also has an interest in evaluating besides the residual stresses, the characteristics of Inconel 625 coatings also vary depending on the fuel used in thermal spraying. The morphology of the coatings obtained was analyzed by optical microscopy. The roughness of the coatings was evaluated by measuring the track roughness. The hardness was evaluated by the longitudinal profile by micro Vickers hardness test. The tendency of the surface to provide hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity was evaluated by the wettability by sessile drop method. The corrosion resistance of the coatings was evaluated by salt spray tests, monitoring the open circuit potential and the potentiodynamic polarization curves in synthetic sea water. In this work after the tests carried out for both coatings obtained by HVOF, using two sources of different fuel, are noticeable differences in the profile of residual stresses, microstructure performance against corrosion, being the process liquid fuel showed better performance.

A aspersão térmica por chama hipersônica tem se destacado pelo método rápido e eficiente para aplicação de revestimentos com grandes vantagens como: tempo, custo e qualidade. Os revestimentos de Inconel 625 apresentam uma série de aplicações industriais principalmente nos segmentos industriais: químico e petroquímico. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar as tensões residuais em revestimentos de Inconel 625 obtidos por aspersão térmica de chama hipersônica (HVOF) através do método de difração de raios-X. Os revestimentos de Inconel 625 sobre substrato de aço ABNT 4140 foram produzidos por aspersão térmica utilizando-se dois equipamentos com os seguintes combustíveis para produção da chama: um combustível gasoso, o propano e um combustível líquido, o querosene. Realizou-se a análise de topo, em pontos aleatórios, das amostras para quantificar as tensões residuais e, após, esta medida inicial obteve-se a construção de um perfil de tensões residuais através do método de remoção de camada, em média de 10 - 20 μm do revestimento de Inconel 625. Este trabalho também tem interesse em avaliar além das tensões residuais, se as características dos revestimentos de Inconel 625 também variam em função do combustível utilizado na aspersão térmica. A morfologia dos revestimentos obtidos foi analisada por microscopia óptica. A rugosidade dos revestimentos foi avaliada por trilha medida no rugosímetro. Foi avaliada a dureza através do perfil longitudinal pelo ensaio de micro dureza Vickers. A tendência da superfície a apresentar hidrofilia ou hidrofobicidade foi avaliada pela molhabilidade através do método da gota séssil. A resistência a corrosão dos revestimentos foram avaliados pelos ensaios de névoa salina, monitoramento do potencial de circuito aberto e pelas curvas de polarização potenciodinâmica em água do mar sintética. Neste trabalho após os ensaios realizados para ambos os revestimentos obtidos por HVOF, utilizando-se duas fontes de combustível distintas, notam-se diferenças quanto ao perfil de tensões residuais, microestrutura, desempenho frente à corrosão, sendo que o processo com combustível líquido apresentou melhor desempenho. / The thermal spray flame hypersonic has been highlighted by the rapid and efficient method for applying coatings with big advantages: time, cost and quality. Inconel 625 coatings have a number of industrial applications especially in industries: chemical and petrochemical. In this context, the current study aims to evaluate the residual stresses in Inconel 625 coatings obtained by thermal spray hypersonic flame (HVOF) through the X – ray diffraction method. The Inconel 625 coating on SAE 4140 steel substrate was produced by thermal spraying using two equipments with the following fuel flame production: a gaseous fuel, propane or a liquid fuel, kerosene. Was performed top consideration in random points, the samples to quantify residual stresses, and after this initial measurement was obtained building a profile of residual stresses by layer removal method, on average 10 - 20 μm of Inconel 625 coating. This work also has an interest in evaluating besides the residual stresses, the characteristics of Inconel 625 coatings also vary depending on the fuel used in thermal spraying. The morphology of the coatings obtained was analyzed by optical microscopy. The roughness of the coatings was evaluated by measuring the track roughness. The hardness was evaluated by the longitudinal profile by micro Vickers hardness test. The tendency of the surface to provide hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity was evaluated by the wettability by sessile drop method. The corrosion resistance of the coatings was evaluated by salt spray tests, monitoring the open circuit potential and the potentiodynamic polarization curves in synthetic sea water. In this work after the tests carried out for both coatings obtained by HVOF, using two sources of different fuel, are noticeable differences in the profile of residual stresses, microstructure performance against corrosion, being the process liquid fuel showed better performance.

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This thesis aims to investigate the manufacturability of nickel-based superalloys, IN625 and IN718, using the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process. The study provides a better understanding of the process-structure-property of nickel-based superalloys, their fatigue life, and subsequent post-processing. First, the process-structure-property was investigated by selecting a wide range of process parameters to print coupons for IN625 and IN718. Next, a subset of process parameters was defined that would produce high relative density (>99%), low surface roughness (~2 μm), and a low tensile RS. Second, a multi-scale finite element model was constructed to predict the temperature gradients, cooling rates, and their effect on RS. At constant energy density, RS is affected by scan speed, laser power, and hatch spacing, respectively. Third, the optimum set of parameters was used to manufacture and test as-built and shot-peened samples to investigate the fatigue life without costly heat treatment processes. It was found that shot peening resulted in a fatigue life comparable to wrought heat-treated unnotched specimen. Additionally, IN625 had a better fatigue life compared to IN718 due to higher dislocations density as well as the absence of γ´ and γ´´ in IN718 due to the rapid cooling in LPBF. Finally, the effect of post-processing on dimensional accuracy and surface integrity was investigated. A new approach using low-frequency vibration-assisted drilling (VAD) proved feasible by enhancing the as-built hole accuracy while inducing compressive in-depth RS compared to laser peening, which only affects the RS. These favorable findings contributed to the scientific knowledge of LPBF of nickel-based superalloys by determining the process parameters optimum window and reducing the post-processes to obtain a high fatigue life, a better dimensional accuracy, and improved surface integrity. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Nickel based superalloys are currently being investigated for high temperature applications in advanced steam power plant operating at temperatures of 700˚C and above. Three nickel-based superalloys Inconel 617, Inconel 625 and Nimonic 263 alloys, which are of primary interest for boiler technology components such as furnace walls, superheater tubes, header and steam pipes, etc and for steam turbine technology components such as HP &IP cylinders, rotor forgings, casing and valve chest, blading, etc., have been evaluated for long and short term creep performance. Creep deformation processes occurring at high temperatures and stresses lead to the evolution of microstructures in the form of precipitation, precipitate coarsening and recovery effects. The deterioration in mechanical properties as a result of this microstructural change has been evaluated by hardness testing. This work discusses the microstructural evolution occurring in alloys in samples that have been creep exposed at a series of temperatures from 650°C to 775°C and for durations from 1000 to 45,000 hours using advanced FEGSEM, TEM, XRD and phase extraction techniques. The fractions and morphology of different phases, their locations during exposure to higher temperatures and probable creep fracture mechanism in these alloys are illustrated and discussed.

This thesis deals with the problem of critical heat flux (CHF) on technically smooth and treated surfaces at low pressures. The theoretical part presents the basic concepts of two-phase flow and an analysis of existing work on the influence of the surface on CHF. The main part of the work describes the built experimental apparatus for CHF research at low pressures of 100 -1500 kPa (1-15 bar) with a vertical internally heated annular test section. The internal annuli consists of an outer glass tube with an inner diameter of 14.8 mm and an inner tube made of Inconel ™ 625 / Optimized ZIRLO ™ with an outer diameter of 9.14 mm and a heated length of 380/365 mm. CHF experiments on technically smooth surface were performed at outlet pressures 120 kPa, 200 kPa and 300 kPa, at an inlet temperature of 64, 78 and 91 °C and at mass flux of 400, 500, 600 and 800 kg / m2s. The Inconel tubes were tested in two different surface modifications - abraded and bead blasted. Experiments were performed at mass flows of 400, 500 and 600 kg / m2s. The total number of 122 experimental runs were conducted and the results were compared with other literature experimental data. The maximum increase of CHF on abraded / bead blasted tube was 18.12% / 16.17%. The surface structure was analysed by laser microscopy. The wetting behaviour of the surface structures was measured by the sessile drop method. The elemental analysis of the surface was evaluated using the EDS method.

This diploma thesis deals with the analysis of mechanical properties of bimetallic materials with clad layer of Inconel. In the theoretical part of the work there is an analysis of the investigated bimetallic material. The following is a description of mechanical tests and methods for evaluating the integrity of the surface, which were used to determine the properties of bimetallic material. The experimental part focuses on individual tests of mechanical properties of the material. For each test, the procedure for the production of test specimens, a description of the test equipment, the performance of the tests, the evaluation of the data obtained and finally, the evaluation of the results obtained are given.

The thesis aim is an evaluation of achieved results coming from the analysis of pipe bend 180° for the critical bending / bend 1D and supercritical bending / bend 0,7D. The theoretical part is focused on material property of a bimetallic pipe and on methods applied to work out the analysis. The definition of critical points at a considered segment and possible defects arisen while bending is embodied in the thesis. The practical part of the thesis is based on presenting dimensional and proportional analysis based on using optical microscopes and 3D scanner GOM ATOS. The material analysis was aimed at macrostructure as well as microstructure of the bimetallic pipe material, at chemical composition and at the hardness when low-loaded. The analysis achieved results are assessed at the end of the thesis.

This diploma thesis deals with the structural design and production of a oscillating head for surface welding of a protective layer of Inconel® 625 superalloy on membrane walls. The design is preceded by a research for possible variants of the solution. Of the two designs, one was successfully manufactured and assembled, and incentives for future improvements were set. For easy optimization and testing of the device, an oscillating motion program was created in the LinMoT Talk 6.9 software. The production costs for the manufactured equipment were then calculated and the recommended selling price was determined, based on a general calculation formula. The result of the project is a functional device, a proposal for its control and a technical - economic evaluation of the production process.