A study of nutrient intakes was conducted on the Southwest Oregon non-reservation Indian population during June and July of 1980. Participating households were selected by random methods from a Southwest Oregon Indian Health Project listing of Indian households in the six-county area. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were obtained by interview method from 504 individuals, representing 226 Indian households; a food frequency questionnaire served as a cross-check. Ages of the participants ranged from 1 to 81 years. The dietary intakes, excluding supplements, of calories, protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and ascorbic acid were computer analyzed for 13 age-sex groupings. Mean and median nutrient intakes were compared to the 1980 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and discussed as meeting 33.3 percent or less of the RDA, meeting 33.4 to 66.6 percent of the RDA, meeting 66.7 to 99.9 percent of the RDA, or meeting the RDA fully. Iron was the nutrient found to be low most often, with children ages 1 to 3 years and females 11 to 50 years having mean intakes from 61 to 87 percent of the 1980 RDA. Calcium intakes were low for all female groups age 11 years and beyond; females 51 years and over had the lowest intakes compared to the 1980 RDA. Mean and median dietary intakes of protein, riboflavin, and niacin were close to or in excess of the appropriate RDA for all age-sex groups. Ascorbic acid and vitamin A were consumed in adequate mean amounts, but there were large numbers of low intakes in some age-sex groups. Data concerning shopping habits, sources of food, food aid, tribal affiliation(s), cooking and refrigeration adequacy, consumption of "traditional" Indian foods, and income were obtained by means of a household questionnaire. A comparison was made between selected demographic factors and Household Diet Scores, which were based on individual nutrient intakes compared to the 1980 RDA. Households which obtained food from a home garden and households which canned or froze food for later use had significantly higher (p [less than or equal to] .05) mean Household Diet Scores than did households which did not have these characteristics. Income levels and the practice of obtaining meat from hunting or from fishing lacked a significant relationship to Household Diet Scores at p [less than or equal to] 0.05. The percentage contributions of carbohydrate, fat, and protein to caloric intakes were: 45 percent from carbohydrate, 39 percent from fat, and 16 percent from protein. In general, the diets of the Southwest Oregon Native American population were found to approximate the diets of the general United States population as reported in the 1977-78 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey in relation to nutrient intakes and caloric sources. / Graduation date: 1982

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-148) / Microfiche. / iv, 148 leaves, bound 29 cm

Several popular cultural movements emphasizing indigenous spirituality have arisen in the United States and Europe within the past thirty years. Spiritual discourses attributed to Native Americans, among other groups, are borrowed by Euro-Americans in search of alternatives to dominant ideologies. In such a circumstance, Native Americans become part of a constructed and colonized homogenous category of indigenous people, considered by Euro-Americans as naturally close to the earth and essentially spiritual. The so-called New Age movement has, within it, several sub-movements, which are particularly noted for their emphasis on perceived Native American spiritualism. The Red Cedar Circle, made up primarily of white Americans, focuses on the Si.si.wiss Medicine of the Pacific Northwest Coast, and can be described as falling under the definitional heading of the New Age. The suppression and transformation of the heterogeneous reality of indigenous societies by the imaginings of the Euro-American dominant, has many ethical implications, as does cultural appropriation in a situation of major power differentials. Native communities are becoming increasingly outspoken in their opposition to the practice of Indian, or pseudo-Indian, religions by non-Natives. Many consider such practices to be morally suspect. Both Native and non-Native social critics feel that New Age practitioners involved in appropriated and popularized versions of indigenous religions, are interpreting and using aspects of traditionally subjugated cultures to meet their own needs. What may appear to be a harmless search for enlightenment by Europeans and Euro-Americans might have very real negative consequences for actual Native American lives. This study is based on participant observation of the Corvallis, Oregon Red Cedar Circle, and interviews with its members from June of 1991 to April of 1994. Analysis of data from New Age literature was also conducted, as well as an historical overview of the 'Nobel Savage' myth in Western cultures. Interviews with members of the local Native American community were carried out for feedback on how a given population of Native Americans perceives the Euro-American practice of Native spirituality. The data supports the supposition that cultural borrowing, or appropriation, is both a cause of, and a reaction to, the instability of cultural identity in late twentieth-century America. / Graduation date: 1995

This thesis was to develop a bone artifact typology for the Oregon coast. This typology was used to test the hypothesis that different geographical regions of the Oregon coast would have different artifact assemblages associated with them. These regions, identified by geologist from landform changes, have been defined as: region 1, from the Columbia River to Tillamook Head; region 2, from Tillamook Head to Heceta Head; region 3, from Heceta Head to Cape Arago; region 4, from Cape Arago to the California boarder. Three criteria were used to develop the bone artifact typology; (1) the artifact must be made from bone, antler, or tooth; (2) the use of the artifact as determined from previous experimental archaeology or ethnography; (3) where artifacts were used for a similar purpose, obvious differences in shape and/ or decoration were used. Fifteen sites on the Oregon coast, two to four sites from each region, were used to develop the typology and test the hypothesis. Some patterns were apparent in the distribution of the artifact assemblages from the Oregon coast sites and there appeared to be some tentative corralation with the geographic regions as stated above. Bilaterally barbed harpoons only appear in sites in region 1. Headscratchers only appear in sites in the southern half of the Oregon coast. Evidence suggested that the composite toggling harpoon was developed in the northern northwest coast and was introduced 3000 or more years ago in region 1, and spread slowly down the Oregon coast until it reached region 3 and 4 only 500 years ago. / Graduation date: 1991

The study presents the results of a descriptive analysis of the skeletal remains of 66 individuals recovered from the Fuller and Fanning Mound sites, located on the Yamhill River, Willamette Valley, Oregon, excavated in 1941-42 by W. T. Edmundson and William S. Laughlin. The literature and original field notes have been analyzed, and a description of burial type, side, orientation, grave type, associations, original preservation, and other information has been compiled for each individual. A tally of each of these burial attributes for the Yamhill population as a whole is also completed. In addition, an assessment of age, sex, and stature, a series of craniometric measurements, and non-metric traits, a dental analysis, and general description of obvious pathologic and morphologic condition of each individual and the group as a whole have been accomplished. Differences in trade item associations between deformed and non-deformed individuals suggest either a later arrival of cranial deformation practices (and possibly another cultural group) to the area, and possibly a multiple occupation of the Fuller and Fanning sites, or an elite class separation defined in part by artificial deformation of crania. Cranial deformation is also associated with the frequency of certain cranial discrete traits. Sexual dimorphism was noted in metric but not in non-metric analyses. Stature estimates indicate a population with mean stature of 1636-1661 for males, and 1547-1574 for females, typical among prehistoric Oregon populations. Mortality appears high for infants and adolescents when compared with other prehistoric North American samples. Dental attrition and caries may indicate a heavier reliance on plant than on animal foods. Single trait comparison to other regional populations shows some significant differences and indicates a need for further analysis of biological relationships using larger comparative samples and multivariate statistics. / Graduation date: 1994

Historically, Native American students have not achieved academic success; ethnic and racial stereotypes are common explanations for the problem. Many perceive the Native American student to be lacking either academic preparation or socio-cultural support for success. A review of the literature showed emerging research which indicates that significant differences can be shown between the learning styles of Native American students and their non-Native counterparts. It has been claimed that these differences may account for some of the differences in academic achievement. The purpose of this study was an attempt to document more thoroughly the differences between the learning styles of Native American and non-Native university students, employing the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT). The GEFT measures degree of field sensitivity, a measure of the degree to which an individual is affected by the surrounding environment or situation within which learning is to take place. It has been postulated that Native American children tend to be reared in a culture which promotes field dependent learning styles. Conversely, children reared in families promoting strong individual identity tend to be more field independent. The results of administering the GEFT to a group of Native American university students and to a comparison group of non-Native students supported the theory. A numerical difference of 2.1, on a scale of 1 to 18, was found between the mean scores of the two study groups with the Native American students scoring in the more field dependent domain. The mean score for the Native American student study group was 9.7, while that for the comparison group was 11.8. In addition to ethnic differences, the data from this study showed differences from previously established norms both by age and gender. Based on the results of this study, educators may be urged to consider the style in which a student learns before categorizing him or her as academically deficient. Further study of learning styles of Native American students and concommitantly of teaching styles which are best suited to Native American students is recommended. / Graduation date: 1991

Changes to commemorative signage in Port Orford, Oregon, United States, during 1998 and 1999 represent an emerging public acknowledgement of the removal by force of most of the indigenous peoples of Southwestern Oregon in the 1850s. A wide range of participants, including local area residents and nonresident members of Native American First Nations, negotiated changes to signage within a context of controversy. Hegemonic social memory institutionalized as local history and publicly displayed as text on a historical marker was challenged by an alternate version of the event commemorated: a conflict between Athapaskans and Euro- Americans in 1851 at the site now know as "Battle Rock." The alternate version is supported by oral tradition which is marginalized as a source of knowledge about the past while the official history has been privileged by repetitious inscription and incorporated commemorative ritual. Discussion includes the selectivity of public history and the creation of public memory through commemorative activity in which official and vernacular interests compete. A parallel is drawn between the remembrance and acknowledgement of events once suppressed and the remembrance and acknowledgement of marginalized indigenous American First Nations "forgotten" by the United States federal government. The Confederated Tribes of the Lower Rogue, building support for legislative acknowledgement of their tribal status, contributed positively to the production of signage text, an activity which enhanced both their visibility and the visibility and remembrance of their Athapaskan forebears.

xx, 463 p. : ill., maps. Two print copies of this title are available through the UO Libraries under the call number: KNIGHT E61 .W72 1989 / Western Clovis and Western Stemmed cultural traditions, archaeologically indexed by fluted (Clovis) and stemmed projectile point complexes, represent the earliest human occupation documented in Far Western North America. The temporal closeness of Western Clovis, dated roughly from 11,500 to 11,000 B.P., to Western Stemmed complexes known as early as 11,140 to 10,800 B.P., has generated debate over the age and historical relationship of these cultures. The frequent co-occurrence of fluted and stemmed points along the lowest strandlines in pluvial lake basins has also led scholars to hypothesize an early development of the characteristically "Archaic" lake-marsh adaptations known from later periods. Geoarchaeological research in the northern Alkali Lake Basin of south-central Oregon has addressed these issues of cultural chronology and economy by seeking data to test a paleoecological model of human land use in the basin from 11,500 to 7,000 B.P. The model posits a late Pleistocene Western Clovis settlement oriented to a small, shallow lake or pond, followed by an early Holocene Western Stemmed occupation around a much larger lake and marsh fringe. Data gathered through basin-wide site survey, stratigraphic studies, and high-resolution mapping of lake features and artifacts, support the model as proposed, and reveal a settlement pattern indicative of a "tethered" focus on local lake-marsh habitats. Research also verifies the horizontal separation of fluted and stemmed artifacts on different, sequent shorelines, indicating that Western Clovis occupation precedes Western Stemmed, although the two are close in time. Data from Alkali Basin, and elsewhere, support the notion that Far Western cultures developed broad-spectrum adaptations much earlier than was once thought. This implies that the foundations of the Western Archaic were already in place by 11,000 B.P. In keeping with the adaptive flexibility embodied within the Desert Culture concept, environmental data further suggest that this "paleo-Archaic" lifeway developed quickly, not gradually, in response to punctuated climatic change and the emerging mosaic of regional habitats which characterized the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary, at a time when the desert as we know it was just coming into being. / Adviser: Aikens, C. Melvin

xv, 275 p. : ill., maps. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call numbers: KNIGHT E78.O6 W55 1993 / This study addresses the problem of prehistoric culture change in interior southwest Oregon as reflected in subsistence/settlement patterns. Eighty-three sites, excavated during cultural resource management projects, constitute the database. This study also demonstrates the applicability of cultural resource management data to questions of regional interest and of general importance to anthropology. Two contrasting subsistence/settlement regimes are modeled based on regional ethnographic and archaeological studies. One pattern is that of a mobile subsistence regime; the other is that of a more sedentary regime associated with permanent villages and the collection and processing of foods for over-winter storage. The first is reflected in the archaeological record by a settlement system consisting of seasonal camps and short-term task sites; the second is represented by a settlement system consisting of villages, seasonal camps, and task sites. To test these models against available data, sites were first placed in functional categories (village, seasonal camp, task site) based on qualitative and quantitative assessments of their archaeological assemblages. This analysis represents the first quantitative assessment of a large database of archaeological sites in this region, and also provide a means of testing previous archaeologists' intuitive judgments about site type. Quantitative measures distinguishing sites, based on the density and diversity of stone tools present in their assemblages include: (a) density measures for chipped stone artifacts; (b) a multidimensional scaling exercise which distinguishes sites based on assemblage diversity (richness and evenness); and (c) cobble and groundstone density measures compared with excavated feature data. The quantitative analysis also offers a methodological contribution for avoiding problems associated with comparison of archaeological samples of greatly varying sizes. Next, sites were assigned to the Middle Archaic (6,000-2,000 BP) or Late Archaic (2,000-150 BP) period. Finally, a comparison of site types manifest in the two periods shows that the predominant settlement pattern during the Middle Archaic consisted of seasonal camps and task sites, indicating a more mobile subsistence/settlement regime. A more sedentary, village-centered regime, appeared along major waterways at the end of the Middle Archaic, and spread throughout the region during the Late Archaic. / Committee in charge: D. Melvin Aikens, Chair; Don E. Dumond; Ann Simonds; Patricia F. McDowell

Changes to commemorative signage in Port Orford, Oregon, United States, during 1998 and 1999 represent an emerging public acknowledgement of the removal by force of most of the indigenous peoples of Southwestern Oregon in the 1850s. A wide range of participants, including local area residents and nonresident members of Native American First Nations, negotiated changes to signage within a context of controversy. Hegemonic social memory institutionalized as local history and publicly displayed as text on a historical marker was challenged by an alternate version of the event commemorated: a conflict between Athapaskans and Euro- Americans in 1851 at the site now know as "Battle Rock." The alternate version is supported by oral tradition which is marginalized as a source of knowledge about the past while the official history has been privileged by repetitious inscription and incorporated commemorative ritual. Discussion includes the selectivity of public history and the creation of public memory through commemorative activity in which official and vernacular interests compete. A parallel is drawn between the remembrance and acknowledgement of events once suppressed and the remembrance and acknowledgement of marginalized indigenous American First Nations "forgotten" by the United States federal government. The Confederated Tribes of the Lower Rogue, building support for legislative acknowledgement of their tribal status, contributed positively to the production of signage text, an activity which enhanced both their visibility and the visibility and remembrance of their Athapaskan forebears. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate