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Recycling has proven not only to address today’s economical, environmental and social issues, but also to be imperative for the sustainability of human technology. The current thesis has investigated the feasibility of a new philosophy for Recycling (Alloying-Recycling) using steel 1020 and aluminum 6061T6. The study was limited to the metallurgical aspects only and has highlighted the potential of recycled alloys made of recycled aluminum and steel to exhibit substantially increased wear resistance and strength-to-weight ratio as compared to initial primary materials. Three alloy-mixtures are considered: TN3 (5wt% 1020 +95wt% 6061T6); TN5 (0.7wt% 1020 + 99.3wt% 6061T6); and TN4 (10wt% 6061T6 + 90wt% 1020). A Tucker induction power supply system (3kW; 135-400 kHz) is used to melt the alloy mixtures for casting in graphite crucibles. Heat treatment of the cast samples is done using a radiation box furnace. Microscopy, Vickers hardness and pin-on-disc abrasive wear tests are performed. Casting destroyed the initial microstructures of the alloys leading to a hardness reduction in the as-cast and solution heat-treated aluminum rich samples to 60 Hv from 140 Hv. Ageing slightly increased the hardness of the cast samples and provided a wear resistance two times higher than that of the initial 6061T6 material. On the steel rich side, the hardness of the as-cast TN4 was 480 Hv, which is more than twice as high as the initial hardness of steel 1020 of 202 Hv; this hints to strong internal and residual stress, probably martensite formation during fast cooling following casting. Solution heat treatment lowered the hardness to the original value of steel 1020, but provided about ten (10) times higher wear resistance; this suggests higher ductility and toughness of normalised TN4 as compared to 1020. In addition, TN4 exhibits about 25% weight reduction as compared to 1020. The actual recycling process and the effect of non-metallic impurities shall be investigated in future works. Also, the casting and heat treatment processes need to be improved.

Recycling has proven not only to address today’s economical, environmental and social issues, but also to be imperative for the sustainability of human technology. The current thesis has investigated the feasibility of a new philosophy for Recycling (Alloying-Recycling) using steel 1020 and aluminum 6061T6. The study was limited to the metallurgical aspects only and has highlighted the potential of recycled alloys made of recycled aluminum and steel to exhibit substantially increased wear resistance and strength-to-weight ratio as compared to initial primary materials. Three alloy-mixtures are considered: TN3 (5wt% 1020 +95wt% 6061T6); TN5 (0.7wt% 1020 + 99.3wt% 6061T6); and TN4 (10wt% 6061T6 + 90wt% 1020). A Tucker induction power supply system (3kW; 135-400 kHz) is used to melt the alloy mixtures for casting in graphite crucibles. Heat treatment of the cast samples is done using a radiation box furnace. Microscopy, Vickers hardness and pin-on-disc abrasive wear tests are performed. Casting destroyed the initial microstructures of the alloys leading to a hardness reduction in the as-cast and solution heat-treated aluminum rich samples to 60 Hv from 140 Hv. Ageing slightly increased the hardness of the cast samples and provided a wear resistance two times higher than that of the initial 6061T6 material. On the steel rich side, the hardness of the as-cast TN4 was 480 Hv, which is more than twice as high as the initial hardness of steel 1020 of 202 Hv; this hints to strong internal and residual stress, probably martensite formation during fast cooling following casting. Solution heat treatment lowered the hardness to the original value of steel 1020, but provided about ten (10) times higher wear resistance; this suggests higher ductility and toughness of normalised TN4 as compared to 1020. In addition, TN4 exhibits about 25% weight reduction as compared to 1020. The actual recycling process and the effect of non-metallic impurities shall be investigated in future works. Also, the casting and heat treatment processes need to be improved.

Recycling has proven not only to address today’s economical, environmental and social issues, but also to be imperative for the sustainability of human technology. The current thesis has investigated the feasibility of a new philosophy for Recycling (Alloying-Recycling) using steel 1020 and aluminum 6061T6. The study was limited to the metallurgical aspects only and has highlighted the potential of recycled alloys made of recycled aluminum and steel to exhibit substantially increased wear resistance and strength-to-weight ratio as compared to initial primary materials. Three alloy-mixtures are considered: TN3 (5wt% 1020 +95wt% 6061T6); TN5 (0.7wt% 1020 + 99.3wt% 6061T6); and TN4 (10wt% 6061T6 + 90wt% 1020). A Tucker induction power supply system (3kW; 135-400 kHz) is used to melt the alloy mixtures for casting in graphite crucibles. Heat treatment of the cast samples is done using a radiation box furnace. Microscopy, Vickers hardness and pin-on-disc abrasive wear tests are performed. Casting destroyed the initial microstructures of the alloys leading to a hardness reduction in the as-cast and solution heat-treated aluminum rich samples to 60 Hv from 140 Hv. Ageing slightly increased the hardness of the cast samples and provided a wear resistance two times higher than that of the initial 6061T6 material. On the steel rich side, the hardness of the as-cast TN4 was 480 Hv, which is more than twice as high as the initial hardness of steel 1020 of 202 Hv; this hints to strong internal and residual stress, probably martensite formation during fast cooling following casting. Solution heat treatment lowered the hardness to the original value of steel 1020, but provided about ten (10) times higher wear resistance; this suggests higher ductility and toughness of normalised TN4 as compared to 1020. In addition, TN4 exhibits about 25% weight reduction as compared to 1020. The actual recycling process and the effect of non-metallic impurities shall be investigated in future works. Also, the casting and heat treatment processes need to be improved.

Recycling has proven not only to address today’s economical, environmental and social issues, but also to be imperative for the sustainability of human technology. The current thesis has investigated the feasibility of a new philosophy for Recycling (Alloying-Recycling) using steel 1020 and aluminum 6061T6. The study was limited to the metallurgical aspects only and has highlighted the potential of recycled alloys made of recycled aluminum and steel to exhibit substantially increased wear resistance and strength-to-weight ratio as compared to initial primary materials. Three alloy-mixtures are considered: TN3 (5wt% 1020 +95wt% 6061T6); TN5 (0.7wt% 1020 + 99.3wt% 6061T6); and TN4 (10wt% 6061T6 + 90wt% 1020). A Tucker induction power supply system (3kW; 135-400 kHz) is used to melt the alloy mixtures for casting in graphite crucibles. Heat treatment of the cast samples is done using a radiation box furnace. Microscopy, Vickers hardness and pin-on-disc abrasive wear tests are performed. Casting destroyed the initial microstructures of the alloys leading to a hardness reduction in the as-cast and solution heat-treated aluminum rich samples to 60 Hv from 140 Hv. Ageing slightly increased the hardness of the cast samples and provided a wear resistance two times higher than that of the initial 6061T6 material. On the steel rich side, the hardness of the as-cast TN4 was 480 Hv, which is more than twice as high as the initial hardness of steel 1020 of 202 Hv; this hints to strong internal and residual stress, probably martensite formation during fast cooling following casting. Solution heat treatment lowered the hardness to the original value of steel 1020, but provided about ten (10) times higher wear resistance; this suggests higher ductility and toughness of normalised TN4 as compared to 1020. In addition, TN4 exhibits about 25% weight reduction as compared to 1020. The actual recycling process and the effect of non-metallic impurities shall be investigated in future works. Also, the casting and heat treatment processes need to be improved.

A demanda por energia fotovoltaica vem aumentando a razão de mais de 20% ao ano no mercado internacional nos últimos dez anos. O silício com pureza entre 99,999% e 99,99999% é utilizado na fabricação de células fotovoltaicas. O silício metalúrgico tem pureza entre 98,5% e 99%. Este estudo visa investigar o refino a vácuo como um processo alternativo de menor custo para se obter o silício para células fotovoltaicas. Este processo pode remover o fósforo do silício, que é um dos elementos prejudiciais à célula fotovoltaica. Isso permitiria agregar valor à produção brasileira de silício metalúrgico, que alcança um preço de aproximadamente US$2,5 por quilo, enquanto o silício para células fotovoltaicas varia entre US$20 e 60 por quilo. Foram realizados experimentos de fusão em forno de indução a vácuo, variando parâmetros como temperatura, tempo e pressão. O teor de fósforo caiu de 33 ppm para cerca de 0,1 ppm e os resultados foram comparados com um modelo matemático da literatura. Conclui-se que o refino por este processo é tecnicamente viável. / The demand for photovoltaics is increasing at a ratio over 20 % per year in the international market in the last ten years. Silicon with purity of 99.999 % and 99.99999 % is used in the manufacture of photovoltaic cells. The purity of metallurgical silicon is between 98.5% and 99%. This study aims to investigate the vacuum refining process as a lower cost alternative to obtain silicon for photovoltaic cells. This process can remove phosphorus from silicon, which is a harmful element to the photovoltaic cell. This would add value to Brazilian production of metallurgical silicon, that reaches a price of approximately U.S.$ 2.5 per kilogram, while the silicon for photovoltaic cells varies between U.S.$ 20 and 60 per kilo . Melting experiments were performed in a vacuum induction furnace by varying such parameters as temperature, time and pressure. The phosphorus content dropped from 33 ppm to about 0.1 ppm and the results were compared with a mathematical model from literature. It is concluded that refining of this process is technically feasible.

A demanda por energia fotovoltaica vem aumentando a razão de mais de 20% ao ano no mercado internacional nos últimos dez anos. O silício com pureza entre 99,999% e 99,99999% é utilizado na fabricação de células fotovoltaicas. O silício metalúrgico tem pureza entre 98,5% e 99%. Este estudo visa investigar o refino a vácuo como um processo alternativo de menor custo para se obter o silício para células fotovoltaicas. Este processo pode remover o fósforo do silício, que é um dos elementos prejudiciais à célula fotovoltaica. Isso permitiria agregar valor à produção brasileira de silício metalúrgico, que alcança um preço de aproximadamente US$2,5 por quilo, enquanto o silício para células fotovoltaicas varia entre US$20 e 60 por quilo. Foram realizados experimentos de fusão em forno de indução a vácuo, variando parâmetros como temperatura, tempo e pressão. O teor de fósforo caiu de 33 ppm para cerca de 0,1 ppm e os resultados foram comparados com um modelo matemático da literatura. Conclui-se que o refino por este processo é tecnicamente viável. / The demand for photovoltaics is increasing at a ratio over 20 % per year in the international market in the last ten years. Silicon with purity of 99.999 % and 99.99999 % is used in the manufacture of photovoltaic cells. The purity of metallurgical silicon is between 98.5% and 99%. This study aims to investigate the vacuum refining process as a lower cost alternative to obtain silicon for photovoltaic cells. This process can remove phosphorus from silicon, which is a harmful element to the photovoltaic cell. This would add value to Brazilian production of metallurgical silicon, that reaches a price of approximately U.S.$ 2.5 per kilogram, while the silicon for photovoltaic cells varies between U.S.$ 20 and 60 per kilo . Melting experiments were performed in a vacuum induction furnace by varying such parameters as temperature, time and pressure. The phosphorus content dropped from 33 ppm to about 0.1 ppm and the results were compared with a mathematical model from literature. It is concluded that refining of this process is technically feasible.

Cíle této práce jsou: (i) vyhodnocení vlivu Y2O3 kelímku na kontaminaci indukčně tavené NiTi slitiny obohacené niklem, (ii) optimalizace podmínek, při kterých jsou tavby uskutečněny a (iii) získání nových DSC a 3D AP dat o vlivu vodíkové atmosféry na martenzitickou transformaci a na strukturu NiTi slitin obohacené niklem s tvarovou pamětí. Byly provedeny následující experimenty: – Pět taveb bylo navrženo a provedeno tak, aby byla snížena maximální tavící teplota. – Pět přetaveb bylo uskutečněno při teplotě 1500 C s dobou výdrže 2, 10 a 20 minut a při teplotách 1450 C a 1550 C s 20 minutovou dobou výdrže. Experiment byl navržen tak, aby byl vyšetřen vliv tavící teploty a doby výdrže na obsah kyslíku pocházejícího z kelímku Y2O3 v tavenině. – Tepelné zpracování NiTi slitiny obohacené niklem v režimu I (žíhání) a v režimu II (kombinace žíhání se stárnutím) pod atmosférou vodíku, směsi vodíku s héliem a pod referenční atmosférou čistého hélia. Získané výsledky jsou: – Navržené tavící postupy vedou ke snížení maximální tavící teploty a to z 1800 C na 1400 C. Přesto toto velké snížení maximální tavící teploty nevedlo k významnému poklesu obsahu kyslíku. – Během přetavby uskutečněné při teplotě 1500 C s dobou výdrže 2 minuty se obsah kyslíku navýšil o trojnásobek jeho počáteční hodnoty a příliš se nelišil od obsahu kyslíku naměřeného ve slitině, která byla přetavena při stejné teplotě s dobou výdrže 10 minut. K nárustu o čtyřnásobek počáteční hodnoty obsahu kyslíku došlo u přetavby vedené na teplotě 1450 C po dobu 20 minut a hodnota obsahu kyslíku se příliš nelišila od hodnoty naměřené ve slitině přetavené při teplotě 1550 C se stejnou dobou výdrže. – S rostoucím parciálním tlakem vodíku dochází k potlačení jednokrokové martenzitické transformace. Významný pokles výšky DSC píku nastává při parciálním tlaku 100 mbar. 3D AP analýza odhalila, že nedochází k žádné lokální změně koncentrace a nebo pozic niklových a titanových atomů ve vzorku, který byl žíhán v režimu I ve vodíku. Bylo objeveno, že vodík tvoří stabilní intersticiální tuhý roztok v NiTi B2 mřížce, kde vytváří systém nanodomén s obsahem vodíku vyšší než 10 at%.

Prezentovaná práce se zabývá vakuovým indukčním tavením intermetalické slitiny Ti-46Al-7Nb (at. %) v žáruvzdorných kelímcích na bázi Y2O3. Byla provedena série taveb pro teploty přehřátí taveniny 1630, 1680 and 1730 C a při různých dobách výdrže na této teplotě v rozmezí 5 až 30 minut. Ze slitin ztuhlých v tavících kelímcích byly připraveny metalografické výbrusy, které sloužily k hodnocení mikrostruktury a vyhodnocení složení fází. Pro získání těchto dat byly použity metosy elektronové mirkoskopie SEM a EDS. Kvantitativní hodnocení mikrostruktury, zejména obsahu oxidické faze ve slitině, bylo provedeno pomocí software Adaptive Contrast Control (ACC). Analýza obsahu kyslíku ve ztuhlé slitině byla provedena metodou IGF (fúze v inertním plynu). V této práci jsou pochody na rozhraní slitina/oxidický kelímek posuzovány také z termodynamického hlediska a to s použitím aktivit jednotlivých složek v systému. Data prezentovaná v této práci mohou být použita pro nastavení a optimalizaci procesů tavení intermetalik TiAlNb.