By the 1920's, the Malayan economy had become dependent on rubber and tin for its prosperity. The dangers of specializing in two export commodities that were subject to violent price fluctuations were soon recognized. Industrialization was advocated as a means of diversifying the economy and reducing the dependence on rubber and tin. A few primary manufacturing industries to process rubber, tin, pineapples, tapioca, etc., were successfully established. But the early efforts to establish secondary manufacturing industries were ineffective in the face of severe competition from Japan, Indonesia, and Philippines. The depression of the 1930's further hampered the establishment of secondary manufacturing industries. At the outbreak of war, the country's industrial possibilities were more systematically and thoroughly investigated and it was concluded that industrialization of the country was impractical. As recently as 1954, a report by the IBRD on the Economic Development of Malaya stressed that apart from Major technological or geological discoveries, the possibilities of establishing large new industries are limited; and, concluded that Malaya's industrial development in the future, as in the past, was likely to follow the pattern of individually small advances over a wide range of industries. This pessimistic forecast about Malaya's industrial possibilities was confirmed by the slow rate of growth of the manufacturing sector between 1947 and 1957. But, since 1959, the manufacturing sector has expanded very rapidly. Besides, most of the expansion did not result from the expansion of existing primary manufacturing industries or the growth of extensions of primary manufacturing industries (as the IBRD report had expected); but, from the rapid expansion of the secondary manufacturing sector, and the growth of several, relatively large, new industries. In this thesis, the causes of this sudden spurt in the expansion of secondary manufacturing industries are investigated. In Chapter I, a more detailed introduction to the problem is provided. In Chapter II, the structure and growth of the manufacturing sector are discussed. In Chapter III, the problems of measuring productivity in Malayan manufacturing industries are discussed, and a crude measure of labour productivity computed. The economics of expansion are discussed in Chapter IV and policies and prospects are reviewed in Chapter V. The main conclusions that emerge from this inquiry into the growth of secondary manufacturing industries are: (1) The rapid expansion of secondary manufacturing industries were caused by (i) a decline in the price of Malaya's agricultural exports favouring the production of non-agricultural goods for the domestic market; and (ii) the implementation of various Government policies designed to encourage the development of the secondary manufacturing sector. (2) The various incentives introduced by the Government encouraged the capital absorbing industries to expand faster than the labour absorbing industries. (3) The three main objectives of industrialization--industrial diversification, expansion of employment opportunities, and raising the per capita income--were all achieved to some extent. But, the non-agricultural sector must continue to grow faster than the agricultural sector for many more years if the country is to be transformed into an industrial economy. In order to expand employment in the manufacturing sector more rapidly, the growth of labour absorbing industries should be encouraged. (4) Even countries with little domestic supply of capital and industrial raw materials can successfully develop secondary manufacturing industries provided the country is equipped with an "adequate" economic infrastructure; "educated" workers who can be rapidly trained to acquire industrial skills and be subject to industrial discipline; and, the country is willing to encourage the flow of foreign capital to take advantage of the abundant supply of labour. (5) Immediate prospects for further development of secondary manufacturing industries in Malaya are good. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

No description available.

The Northwest Himalaya is a region of rapid rock uplift and a strongly erosive climate that allows the competing influences on drainage development to be assessed in the Indus River. This study used U-Pb zircon and K-feldspar Pb isotope analysis together with conventional heavy minerals to reconstruct flood plain drainage patterns from ~20 ka. Furthermore, clay mineralogy is used to reconstruct changes in chemical weathering. U-Pb ages for zircon grains from the Indus tributaries were compared with available bedrock data in order to constrain the source of the sediment reaching the Arabian Sea. The trunk Indus is typified by <200 Ma zircons, in contrast with >800 Ma in the eastern tributaries, eroded from Himalayan sources. A significant population of grains <200 Ma in Thar Desert indicates monsoon-related eolian transport from the lower Indus. Modelling of modern delta sand that is rich in >1700 Ma zircons contrasts with modern water discharge which is dominated by the trunk Indus indicating preferential Lesser Himalayan erosion before ~7 ka. Pb isotope compositions of K-feldspars were used as an additional provenance constraint. The eastern tributaries show a clear Himalayan provenance, contrasting with radiogenic grains in the trunk Indus. Thar desert sands show isotopic values that suggest significant erosion from Karakoram, consistent with the zircon dating, as well as heavy mineral data. In turn Holocene river sands from the western edge of the desert indicate increasing reworking from the dunes prior to ~4.5 ka, linked to climatic drying. XRD clay mineralogy shows increasing smectite in the delta at 13–7.5 ka, indicating stronger chemical weathering as the summer monsoon intensified. In contrast, the upper flood plains show evidence for increased chemical weathering after ~7 ka linked to the cessation of fluvial transport under the influence of a weakening monsoon.

Thesis (doctoral)--Thüringische Landesuniversität Jena. / "Sonderdruck aus 'Dresdner Georgr. Studien' Heft 1." Vita. Bibliography: p. 94-99.

This thesis examines the concept of the state in the context of the Indus River Valley, located in northwest India and Pakistan. In the first section, I synthesize several popular trends in state discussion from both inside and outside of archaeological theory. I then apply my synthesized approach to state definition to the archaeological record from the Indus River Valley. The resulting work visits both the concept of the state and the rich cultural history of the Indus Civilization. I determine that there was a state in the Indus River Valley, but that the Indus state was very different from others scholars have identified in the archaeological record.

This thesis aims to challenge the Indus Waters Treaty. The Treaty remains as the governing authority, however there are areas in which it could be improved. One of these areas is how the Treaty will respond to climate change. I argue that due to changing environmental conditions, what made the Treaty so successful in the past will no longer be relevant in the future. This argument is supported by relevant literature reviews of journals and reports done by policy analysts, academics, and water management experts. Additionally, I address the need to mitigate for climate change by explaining the consequences climate change will have on the ecosystem and infrastructure of India and Pakistan. Finally, I examine case studies and make suggestions about the changes that can be made in order to create a Treaty that successfully mitigates for climate change.

This thesis examines the concept of the state in the context of the Indus River Valley, located in northwest India and Pakistan. In the first section, I synthesize several popular trends in state discussion from both inside and outside of archaeological theory. I then apply my synthesized approach to state definition to the archaeological record from the Indus River Valley. The resulting work visits both the concept of the state and the rich cultural history of the Indus Civilization. I determine that there was a state in the Indus River Valley, but that the Indus state was very different from others scholars have identified in the archaeological record.

Zugl.: Göttingen, Univ., Diplomarbeit, 2006

No description available.

The historical range of the Indus River dolphin has declined by 80% since the 19th century and has been fragmented into 17 river sections by construction of irrigation barrages. Dolphin sighting and interview surveys showed that river dolphins persist in six river sections, have been extirpated from ten, and are of unknown status in the remaining section. Logistic regression and survival modelling showed that low dry season river discharge was the primary factor responsible for the Indus dolphins range decline. Abundance of the three largest Indus dolphin subpopulations was estimated using tandem vessel-based direct counts, corrected for missed animals using conditional likelihood capture-recapture models. The entire subspecies was estimated to number between 1550-1750 in 2006. Dolphin encounter rates within the Guddu-Sukkur subpopulation (10.35/km) were the highest reported for any river dolphin and direct counts suggest that this subpopulation may have been increasing in abundance since the 1970s when hunting was banned. The dry season habitat selection of Indus dolphins was explored using Generalised Linear Models of dolphin distribution and abundance in relation to river geomorphology, and channel geometry in cross-section. Channel cross-sectional area was shown to be the most important factor determining dolphin presence. Indus dolphins avoided channels with small cross-sectional area &lt;700m2, presumably due to the risk of entrapment and reduced foraging opportunities. The phylogenetics of Indus and Ganges River dolphins was explored using Mitochondrial control region sequences. Genetic diversity was low, and all 20 Indus River dolphin samples were identical. There were no haplotypes shared by Indus and Ganges River dolphins, phylogenetic trees demonstrated reciprocal monophyletic separation and Bayesian modelling suggested that the two dolphin populations diverged approximately 0.66 million years ago. Declining river flows threaten Indus dolphins especially at the upstream end of their range, and it is important to determine how much water is required to sustain a dolphin population through the dry season. Fisheries interactions are an increasing problem that will be best addressed through localised, community-based conservation activities.