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No description available.

Traditional machinery for manufacturing processes are characterised by actuators powered and co-ordinated by mechanical linkages driven from a central drive. Increasingly, these linkages are replaced by independent electrical drives, each performs a different task and follows a different motion profile, co-ordinated by computers. A design methodology for the servo control of high speed multi-axis machinery is proposed, based on the concept of a highly adaptable generic machine model. In addition to the dynamics of the drives and the loads, the model includes the inherent interactions between the motion axes and thus provides a Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) description. In general, inherent interactions such as structural couplings between groups of motion axes are undesirable and needed to be compensated. On the other hand, imposed interactions such as the synchronisation of different groups of axes are often required. It is recognised that a suitable MIMO controller can simultaneously achieve these objectives and reconciles their potential conflicts. Both analytical and numerical methods for the design of MIMO controllers are investigated. At present, it is not possible to implement high order MIMO controllers for practical reasons. Based on simulations of the generic machine model under full MIMO control, however, it is possible to determine a suitable topology for a blockwise decentralised control scheme. The Block Relative Gain array (BRG) is used to compare the relative strength of closed loop interactions between sub-systems. A number of approaches to the design of the smaller decentralised MIMO controllers for these sub-systems has been investigated. For the purpose of illustration, a benchmark problem based on a 3 axes test rig has been carried through the design cycle to demonstrate the working of the design methodology.

This thesis investigates the modelling of drying processes for the promotion of market-led Demand Side Management (DSM) as applied to the UK Public Electricity Suppliers. A review of DSM in the electricity supply industry is provided, together with a discussion of the relevant drivers supporting market-led DSM and energy services (ES). The potential opportunities for ES in a fully deregulated energy market are outlined. It is suggested that targeted industrial sector energy efficiency schemes offer significant opportunity for long term customer and supplier benefit. On a process level, industrial drying is highlighted as offering significant scope for the application of energy services. Drying is an energy-intensive process used widely throughout industry. The results of an energy survey suggest that 17.7 per cent of total UK industrial energy use derives from drying processes. Comparison with published work indicates that energy use for drying shows an increasing trend against a background of reducing overall industrial energy use. Airless drying is highlighted as offering potential energy saving and production benefits to industry. To this end, a comprehensive review of the novel airless drying technology and its background theory is made. Advantages and disadvantages of airless operation are defined and the limited market penetration of airless drying is identified, as are the key opportunities for energy saving. Limited literature has been found which details the modelling of energy use for airless drying. A review of drying theory and previous modelling work is made in an attempt to model energy consumption for drying processes. The history of drying models is presented as well as a discussion of the different approaches taken and their relative merits. The viability of deriving energy use from empirical drying data is examined. Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) are successfully applied to the modelling of drying rates for 3 drying technologies, namely convective air, heat pump and airless drying. The ANFIS systems are then integrated into a novel energy services model for the prediction of relative drying times, energy cost and atmospheric carbon dioxide emission levels. The author believes that this work constitutes the first to use fuzzy systems for the modelling of drying performance as an energy services approach to DSM. To gain an insight into the 'real world' use of energy for drying, this thesis presents a unique first-order energy audit of every ceramic sanitaryware manufacturing site in the UK. Previously unknown patterns of energy use are highlighted. Supplementary comments on the timing and use of drying systems are also made. The limitations of such large scope energy surveys are discussed.

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Both dip and pulsed modes of metal transfer were investigated to establish which method produced the better bead geometry and penetration on 2024 and 2014 aluminium alloys using 2319 filler wire. The MIG electrode configuration used was electrode positive, which provides cathodic cleaning for aluminium alloys. Some initial work was also carried out using 6013 with 2319 as the consumable. A second part of the project involved the investigation of different combinations of shielding gas, and during both this and the previous task it was necessary to adjust the welding parameters to achieve acceptable welds. Initially, visual inspection and measurement of bead geometry were used for analysing the welds, but macrographs/micrographs, radiographs, hardness profiles and tensile tests were carried out to look more closely at the welds, once acceptable bead geometry and penetration was obtained. The microstructure was investigated to ascertain the extent of any porosity and chemical changes that might affect the mechanical performance of the joint by depletion of alloying elements in the HAZ. Pulse mode metal transfer improved the weld properties in comparison with the use of dip mode and was therefore used for all the work following the first section. During the work relating to shielding gas composition it was found that a 30% helium balance argon shielding gas produced the best results. It was observed during the speed trials that porosity increased with speeds in the region of 1000mm/min and also below 650mm/min. Pulse frequency and pulse time seemed to affect the arc performance and also influenced the levels of porosity. The need to thoroughly clean the joint area was also seen to be paramount in reducing porosity to a minimum. Hardness profiles indicated a dip in hardness just inside the HZ adjacent to the fusion line, with all tensile specimens failing at this point when the beads were left on. The tensile results carried out on 1.6mm 2024 at Cranfield using 30% helium in the shielding gas produced UTS strengths equivalent to 85% compared to parent metal strength, while those performed by Shorts produced UTS results up to 89%. This indicates an increase in strength over previous published results of 100%. Ibbotson cites two sets of TIG welds having UTS values of 191 and 194 MPa equivalent to 42% compared to parent metal strength while the welds produced at Cranfield using 30% helium in the shielding gas were 402 l\/IPa, equivalent to 86%. The tensile results for the 2mm 2014 aluminium alloy were even better, producing UTS results equivalent to 94% compared to the parent metal. With the 2014 alloys Ibbotson cites two sets of welds in both TIG and MIG and here UTS results were 221 and 243 MPa, equivalent to 55% compared to parent metal i ABSTRACT MIG Welding Aluminium alloys strength, while similar welds produced at Cranfield were 395MPa equivalent to 94%. The fractographs for this showed the start of a shear fracture indicating that the strength was nearing that of the parent material. Against these results even the thick section ]2.7mm 7150 welds having a UTS of 347MPa equivalent to 58% compared to parent metal strength look quite promising. The time trials relating to the natural age hardening process on 2024 welds confirmed that they achieve their maximum strength after 30 days, increasing by some 15% from half an hour after welding to 30 days. The use of thick section materials in the form of 12mm 2024 and 12.7mm 7150 became a requirement during the latter stages of the project with the investigation into the use of a number of commercially available filler wires dominating the research. Post weld heat treatment was seen to improve the strength of the welded joints when employing several different filler wires, but when incorporating a dual post weld heat treatment with 7150 using 1.6 5180 filler wire a marked improvement was observed. Arc monitoring techniques were used in the form of Arcwatch to log the arc voltage and welding current values, and a number of statistical evaluations were conducted during the project using the Arcwatch data. Geometrical data relating to weld bead dimensions was collected at numerous stages throughout the research and employed to build a joint prediction statistical model. This provides the end user with a means of process parameter selection and a visualisation of the influence of parameter variation on weld bead geometry. It has clearly been demonstrated that it is possible to produce viable welds using the MIG welding process with electrode positive, with comparatively low heat inputs when using a number of different high strength aluminium alloys and different composition filler W1I`CS. This piece of research has involved the welding of high strength aluminium alloys that have, in the past been classified as difficult to weld and with the 7xxx series, regarded unweldable. The results illustrate a major advancement in the welding of high. strength aluminium alloys, represent a considerable improvement in the strengths obtained in weldments using these alloys and has encouraged the U aerospace industry to pursue further research in this field.

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The injection moulding process is a major fabricating technique used in both the plastics and rubber industries. The quality of the coloured polyolefin products produced by the injection moulding technique depend, at least in part, on the mixing process associated with the plasticating screw. The aim of the research programme reported in this thesis was therefore to investigate two main areas: (1) the effect of moulding conditions on the mixture quality of injection moulded articles; and (2) the suitability of the computerised image analysis technique for characterising pigmented mixtures.