Foreign ownership and control of major segments of the Canadian economy today, according to many prominent Canadians, present grave problems and offer grim forebodings as to the future ability of Canada to maintain its economic and political independence. In the press, on the political platform, in Parliament, in a Royal Commission Report, and in learned societies, the controversial debate rages with the participants constantly diagnosing the economy's present state of health and busily suggesting a host of remedies. Pre-occupation with the question of foreign ownership and control of the economy is not a twentieth century phenomenon alone. The mining industry of the West Kootenay and Boundary regions of British Columbia in the 1890's—which constituted a significant segment of the economy—was once believed to be almost entirely American owned and controlled, Judge Howay and Dr. Sage, historians, who studied the mining industry in British Columbia, concluded that it was only after 1897 or 1898 that American ownership and control were replaced as "British and Canadian capital began to come into the Kootenays in fairly large quantities." Professor Hansen declared that American activity was strongly in evidence in the mining industry after 1896. Professor Innis stated that the development of lode mining in the Kootenay was the result of the construction of a transcontinental railway which had been primarily designed to handle Pacific Coast traffic. In expanding and focussing the thesis of Professor Innis on the national scene, Professor Creighton insisted that the central objective of national policy after 1867 involved realizing a strong, varied and integrated transcontinental economy. The statements of these authorities have stimulated the present study. New and additional information now has been made available to help to measure the relative control of capital— coastal British Columbian, or interior British Columbian, or other Canadian, or British, or American—in the mining companies of the West Kootenay and Boundary regions, 1890 to 1900. Records pertaining to 1,306 mining companies which were organized and operating in the West Kootenay and Boundary areas at some time between 1890 and 1900 have been examined. Five hundred ten of these companies were either foreign registered or were extra-provincially registered or licensed companies. Information concerning them could only be obtained by examining the British Columbia Gazette and current mining journals. Usually the source of capital has been assumed to be identical with the area of incorporation and with the locale of the head office. Considerably more information is now available on the 762 incorporated companies in British Columbia. Annual returns containing names, and addresses of shareholders and directors and the value of stock held by them provided the means to determine the source of capital for most of these companies. The writer classified these names under the various sources or nationalities. He then determined the total value of stock held by each of these sources for the 762 locally incorporated companies. The source or nationality controlling the company could thus be frequently ascertained. To obtain this information, the writer examined the files of 2,174 companies whose records are preserved on microfilm. The source of capital of a company—if it could be determined—has been noted for the year in which the company was incorporated or registered. This practice has appeared to be satisfactory as examination of annual reports has shown a remarkable absence of transfer of capital control from one group to another. The study is then confined to an examination and comparison of the source of capital of mining companies as determined by the year of incorporation or registration. The thesis is an inductive one. In addition to the above assumptions, lack of sufficient and reliable evidence on the source of capital of 214 companies has caused these companies to be classed under the category of insufficient information. The financial operations and the reasons for the success of a few companies and the reasons for the failure of many companies are examined. Changes in the control and ownership of many of the more important corporations are noted. Important capitalists, promoters and political figures who played a prominent role in financing companies are noted. The basic patterns and trends in capital formation, 1890 to 1900, and in a more general fashion, the trends from 1901 to 1914 are traced. In the period before 1890, the few companies established after the completion of the transcontinental line of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1885 are briefly described. In the 1890 to 1900 period, American owned companies declined relatively as Canadian and British owned companies increased, but there were always significant numbers of American companies. The Canadian companies played an active role as one of the main agents in stemming the pervasive American influences in the region. After 1898, as Canadian capital controlled a second east-west railway in the South Kootenay and Boundary country, and as Canadians owned the major smelter, the Canadian and British owned mining corporations assisted in integrating the regions into the new Canadian transcontinental economy. Within the eleven year period, 1890 to 1900, three subsidiary movements of capital flow occurred. The first two, from 1890 to 1894—chiefly to the Slocan,—and from 1895 to 1897— chiefly to Rossland—followed the basic pattern of the major movement with an initial heavier emphasis on American capital, and a later swing to Canadian and British capital. The last movement, from 1898 to 1900, followed a different course as there was no large early influx of American capital. It only became more prominent at the end of the movement. Consolidations of mining corporations paralleling consolidations in the other major industries of the Province characterized the period from 1901 to 1914. The Canadian owned Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company, a gargantuan concern by 1914, and even then almost synonymous with mining in the Kootenay, had expanded rapidly after its beginning in 1905. Its growth epitomized the era of consolidation before World War I. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, / In 2004, the Department of Minerals and Energy (DME, predecessor to the current Department of Mineral Resources - DMR) published a guideline to calculate the amount that a mining right holder would require for financial provision at mine closure. This research report reviews the guideline, specifically focussing on the “rules-based approach” for determining the quantum of financial provision. Some authors have recorded the misapplication of this guideline in practice and their research supports a conclusion that the guideline does not provide adequately for the real costs of mine closure. This research report makes a comparison between the DME guideline master rates for mine closure costs and actual tendered prices for those same elements of mine closure in the period from 2009 – 2016. The analysis of the actual tender prices for the various master- and component rates in comparison with the DME guideline rates delivered mixed results. While the actual tender values exceeded the guideline master rates in most cases, there were notable exceptions where the actual tender results lagged the master rates. The data obtained from the actual tender prices for mine rehabilitation projects by a third party suggests that the use of CPI to escalate mine rehabilitation costs was very quickly overtaken in reality by higher annual costs and rate increases for most of the DME guideline master rates that relate to surface mining. It means that the DME guideline master rates were not reflective of actual rehabilitation costs by the time that the use of the DME guideline was superseded by the publication of new regulations by the Department of Environmental Affairs in November 2017. Whilst no perfectly linear and distinct relationship could be deduced, the results broadly support the findings of several authors that the actual costs to rehabilitate a mine are much more than the DME guideline document would lead a mine to provide for. The application of a rules-based approach remains an exercise mired in controversy and with many potential inaccuracies. The new NEMA regulations for financial provision completely negate the need for a guideline and relevant State Departments and mining companies alike are consequently dependant on third parties to prepare closure cost estimates. / E.R. 2019

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (M. Econ.)--University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Xeror copy of typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 89-90).

Thesis (M.Econ.)--University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 89-90). Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1988. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 323-345).

This thesis attempts to analyse the influences of changes in demand for British Columbia's mining labour upon the wage rates and employment of British Columbia's mining industry. The competitive elements of British Columbia's mining industry suggests that changes of wage rates and employment will be sharply affected by changes of metal prices. The theoretical effects of a change of metal prices indicate that the industry's output varies in the same direction as metal price changes. Furthermore, it is expected that employment will vary directly with output changes. Therefore, the number of labourers employed should vary directly with metal price changes. The trends of employment of British Columbia's mining labour and metal prices are studied to evaluate these theoretical expectancies. As an element of demand for British Columbia mining labour, the level of metal prices is expected to influence wage rates of British Columbia's mining labour. Wage rates have increased in every year of the twelve year period but one, while metal prices have fluctuated over the period. These phenomena provide questions for further analysis. The second major topic of the thesis is concerned with influences of changes of productivity of British Columbia's mining labour upon wage rates and employment. The first task is to describe concepts of productivity of mining labour and then to determine the meaning of a productivity index. Following this, the meaning of a change in the productivity index must be described as the productivity of mining labour has varied considerably over the twelve year period. The trends of the differentials of employment and the differentials of labour's productivity suggest that an inverse relationship exists between these variables. This relationship is evaluated and its similarity to a theoretical average product curve is described. However, the relationship between the trends of wage rates and mining labour's productivity provides little evidence of any association of these variables. It is suggested that if the changes of mining labour's productivity have influenced wage rates, then this influence has been hidden by other factors of wage determination. / Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies / Graduate

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, 2016 / The Precious Metals Industry in South Africa is highly-regulated compared with other mining and trading countries in the western world which have either deregulated their precious metals industries, have only partial controls or have never seen the need to regulate gold and platinum-group metals specifically. South Africa has a specific Act of parliament, the Precious Metals Act, 2005 (a modification of Chapter 16 of the Mining Rights Act, 1967), that regulates possession, trading and manufacture of precious metals. Apart from the Russian Federation, no other country in the world regulates gold and platinum-group metals possession, trading and fabrication to the extent still done in South Africa. The requirement for such stringent controls was based on the country’s pre-eminence in the production of gold and platinum over the past fifty years, exchange controls (in the case of gold) and the contribution of gold and platinum-group metals to foreign exchange earnings and to the country’s economy as a whole. However, much has changed in South Africa, in the world and indeed in the precious metals industries domestically and globally and this work is the first attempt to discuss and analyse developments and proposals that are impacting on the regulation of the precious metals industries in South Africa. Of these, the World Gold Council’s Conflict-Free Gold Standard provides a case for industry self- regulation to complement, or substitute for government regulation in future. The hypothesis at the Proposal Stage of this study was that the precious metals industry in South Africa is over-regulated and should be deregulated. In this study, this hypothesis is explored and debated. The Resource Nationalism -motivated proposals, including Producer-Country Price for Platinum, OPEC-type trade bloc for platinum, precious metal exchange and single-channel marketing of platinum, were analysed in this study. It was concluded that these are wanting in terms of cost/benefit or problematic in terms of international agreements and trade and competition laws. iii The Precious Metals Act, 2005 itself was also critically analysed with a view to evaluating what could be regulated better or deregulated in the light of recent developments and proposals. It was found, ironically, that the old problem of illegal mining and trading needs to be brought under control before deregulation of the precious metals industry can begin. Nevertheless, in the run-up to deregulation (in an estimated 10 to 15 years), industry self-regulation, co-regulation (with industry) hallmarking, and a re-examination of how beneficiation is promoted should be considered.

Lau Siu-lun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-139). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.i / abbreviation --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF CHARTS --- p.iv / list of tables --- p.v / introduction --- p.1 / Chapter I. --- The Query --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- Methodology --- p.8 / Chapter chapter 1. --- the problem stated --- p.12 / Chapter I. --- The Banking structure and Regulatory Framework --- p.13 / Chapter A) --- An Overview --- p.13 / Chapter B) --- Regulatory Framework --- p.16 / Chapter II. --- Manufacturers' Grievances --- p.20 / Chapter A) --- The claims on Sufficiency of Bank Financing --- p.21 / Chapter B) --- The claims on insufficiency of Bank Financing --- p.23 / Chapter III. --- The Quantitative side:Trends of Loans Distrbution --- p.29 / Chapter chapter 2. --- TOWABD A SOCIOLOGICAL THRORY OF TRUST --- p.43 / Chapter I. --- Luhmann's Notion of Trust --- p.44 / Chapter II. --- Granovetter's Notion of Trust --- p.49 / Chapter III. --- institution Production of Trust: Zucker and Shapiro --- p.55 / Conclusions --- p.62 / Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- TRUST： ON THE POSSIBILITY OF SANCTION --- p.65 / Chapter I. --- The lending procedure --- p.66 / Chapter II. --- Trust and lending --- p.67 / Chapter III. --- on Security...And the Drawbacks --- p.74 / Conclusions --- p.82 / CHAPTER 4. TRUST： OH FAMILIARITY --- p.84 / Chapter I. --- On Familiarity --- p.85 / Chapter A) --- The Individual Aspect --- p.86 / Chapter B) --- The Firm Level --- p.90 / Chapter C) --- The Wider Environment --- p.93 / Chapter II. --- The Unfamiliar Environment --- p.96 / Chapter A) --- The unfamiliar situations --- p.97 / Chapter B) --- Loans Products and Familiarity --- p.102 / Chapter C) --- Who are More Daring to Lend ？ --- p.104 / Conclusions --- p.105 / Chapter CHAPTER 5. --- THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR OF HONG KONG： the credit worthiness --- p.107 / Chapter I. --- The Standing of Manufacturers --- p.107 / Chapter II. --- Finance and Early Industrialization --- p.116 / conclusions --- p.123 / Chapter I. --- on the Banking Sector and the Manufacturing Sector --- p.123 / Chapter II. --- Theoretical Implications --- p.128 / epilogue --- p.133 / bibliography --- p.134 / Chapter chart 2.1 --- Total Deposit Growth： 1966 to1991 --- p.15 / Chapter chart 2.2 --- "percentage distribution of loans and advances for use in Hong Kong,1965 to 1981" --- p.31 / Chapter chart 2.3 --- "pecentage distribution of loans and advances for use in Hong Kong,1982 to 1990" --- p.32