Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal avaliar o comportamento da distribuição da renda domiciliar per capita na Região Norte do Brasil de 2004 a 2012. Como objetivos complementares, buscou-se: expor o debate existente na literatura recente sobre distribuição de renda no Brasil; determinar as causas imediatas de eventuais diferenças da distribuição da RDPC da Região Norte com base no grau de progressividade das parcelas da renda; analisar o efeito-composição e o efeitoconcentração da variação do índice de Gini das parcelas da RDPC, de 2004 a 2012. Para atingir esses objetivos utilizou-se, como metodologia, o cálculo dos Índices de Gini, Mehran e Piesch e suas respectivas decomposições considerando parcelas da renda. Como base de dados, foram utilizados os microdados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) para o período analisado. Como resultados, os índices de desigualdade da RDPC da Região Norte apresentaram comportamento diferente aos do Brasil e aos da maioria das demais Regiões oficiais, sendo parecidos aos que a Região Centro-Oeste (em especial o DF) apresentou. O índice de Gini da RDPC dos Estados da Região Norte tiveram comportamento não homogêneo no período analisado. A parcela da RDPC formada pela renda de militar e funcionário público da Região Norte se destacou por ter o maior grau de progressividade negativo em comparação ao do Brasil e do Distrito Federal, enquanto que a parcela \"outros rendimentos\" teve o maior grau de progressividade positivo, sendo responsável por 56,7% da mudança do índice de Gini de 2004 a 2012. Tanto o Brasil quanto a Região Norte registram aumento da escolaridade média. Porém, enquanto que no Brasil a dispersão da escolaridade diminui, na Região Norte aumenta, o que aumenta a dispersão dos rendimentos e, por sua vez, a desigualdade da renda. / The main objective of this study was to evaluate the distribution of the per capita household income (PCHI) in Northern Brazil from 2004 to 2012. As complementary objectives, we sought to: expose the existing debate in the recent literature on income distribution in Brazil; determine immediate causes of eventual differences of the PCHI in Northern Brazil based on the degree of progressivity of the income components; assess the effect-composition and effect-concentration of the variation of Gini index for the components of PCHI from 2004 to 2012. In order to achieve these goals the methodology was based on the calculations of Gini, Mehran and Piesch indices and their respective decompositions considering income components. Microdata of the National Research for Sample of Domiciles (PNAD) were used as the database for the analyzed period. Results showed that the inequality indices of the PCHI of the Northern region had a behavior different from the ones of Brazil and most of the other official regions, being similar to those of the Midwest region (in particular, Federal District). The Gini index of PCHI of Northern region states had a non-homogenous behavior in the analyzed period. The PCHI component formed by the military and civil servant household income in the Northern region had the highest negative degree of progressivity compared to the ones of Brazil and Federal District; while the \"other incomes\" component had the highest positive degree of progressivity, being responsible for 56.7% of the change in the Gini index from 2004 to 2012. Both Brazil and the Northern region have shown increase of average schooling. However, while schooling dispersion decreases in Brazil, it increases in the Northern region, which intensifies income dispersion and, consequently, income inequality.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal avaliar o comportamento da distribuição da renda domiciliar per capita na Região Norte do Brasil de 2004 a 2012. Como objetivos complementares, buscou-se: expor o debate existente na literatura recente sobre distribuição de renda no Brasil; determinar as causas imediatas de eventuais diferenças da distribuição da RDPC da Região Norte com base no grau de progressividade das parcelas da renda; analisar o efeito-composição e o efeitoconcentração da variação do índice de Gini das parcelas da RDPC, de 2004 a 2012. Para atingir esses objetivos utilizou-se, como metodologia, o cálculo dos Índices de Gini, Mehran e Piesch e suas respectivas decomposições considerando parcelas da renda. Como base de dados, foram utilizados os microdados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) para o período analisado. Como resultados, os índices de desigualdade da RDPC da Região Norte apresentaram comportamento diferente aos do Brasil e aos da maioria das demais Regiões oficiais, sendo parecidos aos que a Região Centro-Oeste (em especial o DF) apresentou. O índice de Gini da RDPC dos Estados da Região Norte tiveram comportamento não homogêneo no período analisado. A parcela da RDPC formada pela renda de militar e funcionário público da Região Norte se destacou por ter o maior grau de progressividade negativo em comparação ao do Brasil e do Distrito Federal, enquanto que a parcela \"outros rendimentos\" teve o maior grau de progressividade positivo, sendo responsável por 56,7% da mudança do índice de Gini de 2004 a 2012. Tanto o Brasil quanto a Região Norte registram aumento da escolaridade média. Porém, enquanto que no Brasil a dispersão da escolaridade diminui, na Região Norte aumenta, o que aumenta a dispersão dos rendimentos e, por sua vez, a desigualdade da renda. / The main objective of this study was to evaluate the distribution of the per capita household income (PCHI) in Northern Brazil from 2004 to 2012. As complementary objectives, we sought to: expose the existing debate in the recent literature on income distribution in Brazil; determine immediate causes of eventual differences of the PCHI in Northern Brazil based on the degree of progressivity of the income components; assess the effect-composition and effect-concentration of the variation of Gini index for the components of PCHI from 2004 to 2012. In order to achieve these goals the methodology was based on the calculations of Gini, Mehran and Piesch indices and their respective decompositions considering income components. Microdata of the National Research for Sample of Domiciles (PNAD) were used as the database for the analyzed period. Results showed that the inequality indices of the PCHI of the Northern region had a behavior different from the ones of Brazil and most of the other official regions, being similar to those of the Midwest region (in particular, Federal District). The Gini index of PCHI of Northern region states had a non-homogenous behavior in the analyzed period. The PCHI component formed by the military and civil servant household income in the Northern region had the highest negative degree of progressivity compared to the ones of Brazil and Federal District; while the \"other incomes\" component had the highest positive degree of progressivity, being responsible for 56.7% of the change in the Gini index from 2004 to 2012. Both Brazil and the Northern region have shown increase of average schooling. However, while schooling dispersion decreases in Brazil, it increases in the Northern region, which intensifies income dispersion and, consequently, income inequality.

The thesis considers two pertinent questions about poverty in Fiji. One is about the accuracy of the poverty measures calculated by the concerned organisations and this relates to the use of equivalence scales and the general style of analysis. The other more intricate question is the disregard for poverty due to intra-family distribution asymmetries. Such miscalculations of poverty arise due use of average household per capita expenditure to represent consumption. This research attempts to answer the question of whether the tendency to underestimate the incidence of poverty by disregarding intra-family inequality is significant. Furthermore, it attempts to determine the causes of these inequalities. The issue is whether the classical method of data analysis (using the family as a unit) is the ideal way of analysing poverty and distribution in societies where large family structures exist and government relief remains minimal. To determine the household inequalities, household expenditures have been disaggregated into individualised expenditures. The individualised consumption expenditure is analysed and compared with the outcomes of aggregate household expenditure data. The analysis provides overwhelming evidence for underestimation of poverty when household consumption expenditures are used.

The thesis considers two pertinent questions about poverty in Fiji. One is about the accuracy of the poverty measures calculated by the concerned organisations and this relates to the use of equivalence scales and the general style of analysis. The other more intricate question is the disregard for poverty due to intra-family distribution asymmetries. Such miscalculations of poverty arise due use of average household per capita expenditure to represent consumption. This research attempts to answer the question of whether the tendency to underestimate the incidence of poverty by disregarding intra-family inequality is significant. Furthermore, it attempts to determine the causes of these inequalities. The issue is whether the classical method of data analysis (using the family as a unit) is the ideal way of analysing poverty and distribution in societies where large family structures exist and government relief remains minimal. To determine the household inequalities, household expenditures have been disaggregated into individualised expenditures. The individualised consumption expenditure is analysed and compared with the outcomes of aggregate household expenditure data. The analysis provides overwhelming evidence for underestimation of poverty when household consumption expenditures are used.