The aim of this study was to further examine the relationship between anxiety, inhibitory control (IC), and brain functioning (electroencephalogram) in a critical age-range for social and emotional development (8-12-year-olds). Depression was a secondary focus but was included in the analyses given the common anxiety/depression overlap. Additionally, the participants (N = 42) were assigned to 4 weeks of either an emotional training program (Emotional gFocus), a neutral training program (Neutral gFocus), or a waitlisted control and were tested using cognitive, neurophysiological, and mood measures. Hierarchical regression models revealed that IC accuracy scores were significantly and negatively related to anxiety levels as indicated by the Screening For Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED), as well as depression levels (using the Child Depression Inventory (CDI)), controlling for age and gender. Additionally, increased resting-state right lateral frontal alpha asymmetry was predictive of increased anxiety as well as depression levels. To evaluate the intervention effects, a series of Multivariate Analyses of Covariance (MANCOVA) and contrast tests were conducted to determine if group differences existed from pre-to-post for any of the measures of interest. Overall, the emotional and neutral training conditions showed similar reductions in anxiety and depression compared to the waitlist condition. Both the emotional and neutral conditions also facilitated significant improvements in IC accuracy compared to the control. Minimal pre-to-post power and asymmetry changes occurred in frontal and parietal regions; however, a lateral frontal leftward activity shift was found in the emotional training group. These findings further demonstrated a relationship between IC and anxiety and showed preliminary evidence that training IC has the potential to mitigate negative emotional functioning in adolescents. Future research is necessary to determine the importance of emotional training versus neutral as well as whether longer training intervals will be needed to facilitate a long-term impact. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

How individuals process different affective cues, as well as how intensely they experience different emotions, may influence how efficient they are at engaging inhibitory control. To date, it is unclear if these influences differ among young adults with and without ADHD. The current study tested the variation in young adults’ inhibitory control to three affective cues (i.e., fear, happy, and neutral) in an Emotion Go/Nogo task. Results suggest better inhibitory control in response to more distinct cues (i.e., fear Nogo/happy Go). The order in which cues were presented also mattered, such that participants displayed enhanced inhibitory control when first presented with expressions that had similar valence. This task order was particularly helpful for inhibitory control engagement among young adults with ADHD. Furthermore, self-report measures suggest that young adults with ADHD were associated with higher levels of affect intensity. However, no additional relations were found in the processing of affective cues, affect intensity, and inhibitory control between young adults with and without ADHD. Results provide evidence for how affective cues and contexts differentially influence behavioral responses in young adults. Individuals with and without ADHD also appear to differ in the intensity with which they experience different emotions. Overall, the current study provides a framework for how to further explore how emotional cues and affect intensity influence inhibitory control.

The thesis deals with the influence of application of stabilized nitrogen fertilizer with sulphur and other nitrogenous fertilizers, on the content of mineral nitrogen in the soil. The yield and oiliness of winter rape seeds is also evaluated. The problem was solved in the agricultural year 2015/2016 as a small-plot field experiment at the experimental station in Žabčice u Brna (179 m.) and at the research fodder station Vatín near Žďár nad Sázavou (560 m.). The following 5 variants of the fertilizer were included in the experiment: LAD regenerative variant (104 kg N/ha), DASA regenerative variant (104 kg N/ha), ENSIN regenerative variant (136 kg N/ha). In the LAD + DASA and LAD + ENSIN variants, was used for the regenerative fertilizin the LAD fertilizer (51 kg N/ha respectively 64 kg N/ha), DASA (104 kg N/ha) and ENSIN (130 kg N/ha) were applied in the first production fertilizing. Beside the ENSIN variant, it was used for fertilization in I. production fertilizing and II. production fertilizing at a total nitrogen dose of 194 kg N/ha DAM 390 fertilizer. In the ENSIN Different effects of fertilizers on yield were expected, but a statistically significant increase in yields was shown only in the DASA variant, as well as a different effect on oiliness was expected, but there was no statistically significant variant, thought the effect of fertilizer with sulfur, appeared where by all sulfur variant werw increased oilyness compared to the LAD variant. The mineral nitrogen evaluation showed the fertilizer effect with the ENSIN inhibitor, where the ammonium nitrogen ratio exceeded over the nitrate form.

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Inhibitory control refers to a person’s ability to control responses and impulses. Deficits in inhibitory control have been found in the neurodevelopmental disorder of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), though this has mainly been studied in children. This thesis is a systematic review of how inhibition is impacted in adults with ADHD and which neural correlates that are associated with inhibitory control. Only peer-reviewed original articles that used adults above the age of 18 were included. All articles used a between subject design, meaning healthy participants were compared to participants with ADHD. To measure inhibitory control, articles which used either the Stroop Task or Go/No-go task were examined. Nine articles were included in this systematic review. Through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) altered neural activation was seen in several brain regions, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, fronto-basal ganglia networks, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, parietal lobe and inferior frontal gyrus. Many of these regions have previously been linked to inhibitory control, while others hint at possible compensatory pathways for inhibition in ADHD. In summary, subtle impairments in inhibition networks appear to underlie the disorder all the way into adulthood.

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Inhibitory control is vital to typical development and matures rapidly throughout early childhood. Inhibitory control deficits are seen in both autism spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and, along with other executive functions, inhibitory control contributes to school success. The tasks used to measure and stress these skills in children have not been fully explored. Even given the cognitive development levels of young children, the current inhibitory control tasks for preschoolers are not completely comparable to the tasks used with adults. For my thesis study, I added a mixed condition to the day/night inhibitory control task in preschool children using methodological design features from the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) Task. This addition allowed the day/night task to serve as a better analogue to the Stroop task, which is an inhibitory control task commonly used with adults. In addition, electroencephalogram (EEG) illuminated the neural patterns of the task in children at age four. This study demonstrated that the borders condition of the day/night task is an appropriate executive function task that can be used with preschool aged children. / Master of Science

Background: Poor inhibitory control is a hallmark of problem gambling (PG), which is characterised by frequent gambling and unsuccessful efforts to control/stop gambling. Stress and PG demonstrate a cyclical relationship, whereby gambling can act as a coping mechanism for dealing with stressful life events, while consistent gambling engagement can increase stress. To date, few studies examine acute stress effects on inhibitory control (IC) in this group. Purpose: This study compares acute stress effects on IC in PG and healthy control (HC) populations. Methods: Twenty participants with PG and twenty HCs completed self-report measures of mood disturbance (Profile of Mood States; POMS) and impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale); saliva samples were collected to measure cortisol. The Trier Social Stress Test was administered to induce an acute stress response, followed by the Stop-Signal Task (SST), a validated measure of IC. Results: Subjective stress responses increased over time in both groups, with the PG group demonstrating significantly higher POMS ratings (p<.05), however, no differences in cortisol levels were observed between groups (p>.05). Moreover, no group differences were observed on the SST (p>.05). Exploratory correlations revealed significant positive and negative correlations between cortisol levels and ‘go’ reaction time and ‘stop’ signal reaction time on the SST, respectively (p<.05). Conclusion: This study is the first, to our knowledge, to directly examine acute psychosocial stress effects on IC in individuals with PG. Our findings show that while both groups display similar cortisol levels, individuals with PG report increased subjective stress relative to HCs. Despite no stress-induced impairments on SST performance, significant correlations were observed between task reaction time and cortisol levels in the PG group. This study helps to better inform clinical practice by providing a comprehensive understanding of the implications of stress and IC on gambling behaviours. / Thesis / Master of Health Sciences (MSc) / Problem gambling (PG) is characterised by problems with impulsivity and inhibitory control. Stress affects inhibitory control and appears heightened in PG, but few studies examine this relationship. This study examined acute stress effects on inhibitory control task performance, which may underlie the loss of control during gambling episodes that is often experienced by those with PG. Participants with PG and healthy controls (HCs) completed questionnaires relating to impulsivity and stress, and were exposed to an acute stressor and provided saliva samples to measure physiological stress (cortisol). Later participants completed a task examining reaction time as a measure of inhibitory control. Results showed that individuals with PG reported increased stress relative to HCs, despite having similar cortisol levels. While acute stress did not impair inhibitory control on the task, significant correlations were observed between task reaction time and cortisol levels, which suggests a strong relationship between inhibitory control and physiological stress response.

Agtarap, Wright, Mlynski, Hammad, and Blackledge took an initial step in providing support for the predictive validity of a new conceptual analysis concerned with behavioral restraint - defined as active resistance against a behavioral impulse or urge. The current study was designed to partially replicate and extend findings from their study, employing a common film clip protocol and a procedure for inducing low- and high levels of fatigue. Analyses indicated that key cardiovascular (CV) responses rose with the evocativeness of the film clip among low fatigue participants but fell with the evocativeness of the film clip among high fatigue participants. This is consistent with the prediction that high fatigue participants would put forth more restrain intensity than low fatigue participants when confronted with the less evocative clip, but less restraint intensity than low fatigue participants when confronted with the more evocative clip. Behavioral restraint performance - quantified as duration of facial non-neutrality - was also consistent with predictions, being impaired by fatigue under high- but not low evocativeness conditions. Findings support the broad theoretical suggestion that fatigue influence on behavioral restraint is multifaceted, dependent on the perceived magnitude of the impulse or urge experienced and the importance of resisting it.